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Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) 
 
OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE 
ON DESIGNATING SECTOR/CLUSTER LEADS 
IN MAJOR NEW EMERGENCIES 
 
Detailed guidance on the cluster approach is provided in the IASC Guidance Note on Using the Cluster 
Approach to Strengthen Humanitarian Response (November 2006).
 
 
Why is there a need to designate sector/cluster leads in major new emergencies? 
 
The aim of the cluster approach is to strengthen humanitarian response by ensuring high standards 
of predictability, accountability and partnership in all sectors or areas of activity. 
 
The IASC has agreed that the cluster approach should be used in all contingency planning for major 
new emergencies; in all responses to major new emergencies; and eventually in all countries with 
Humanitarian Coordinators (HCs). 
 
In a major new emergency, the cluster approach requires that sector/cluster leads be designated at 
the earliest possible opportunity in order to ensure an adequate response. 
 
What constitutes a “major new emergency”? 
 
For IASC operational purposes, a “major new emergency” is defined as any situation where 
humanitarian needs are of a sufficiently large scale and complexity that significant external 
assistance and resources are required, and where a multi-sectoral response is needed with the 
engagement of a wide range of international humanitarian actors.  
 
Can the cluster approach be used in countries where there is a UN Resident Coordinator but no 
Humanitarian Coordinator? 
 
Yes. In addition to countries where there is an HC, the cluster approach can be used in countries 
where there is no HC but where the UN Resident Coordinator (RC) is coordinating the international 
response to a major new emergency. 
 
What is a “sector/cluster lead”? 
 
A “cluster lead” is an agency/organization that formally commits to take on a leadership role within 
the international humanitarian community in a particular sector/area of activity, to ensure adequate 
response and high standards of predictability, accountability & partnership. A “cluster lead” takes on 
the commitment to act as the “provider of last resort” in that particular sector/area of activity, where 
this is necessary.  
 
A “cluster” is essentially a “sectoral group” and there should be no differentiation between the two in 
terms of their objectives and activities; the aim of filling gaps and ensuring adequate preparedness 
and response should be the same. 
 
What are the responsibilities of sector/cluster leads and who is accountable to the HC? 
 
The sector/cluster lead for any given sector is an agency, not a person. For that reason, at the 
country level it is the Country Director/Representative of the agency/organization designated as 
sector/cluster lead who is ultimately responsible for ensuring that relevant sector/cluster leadership 
activities are carried out effectively. 
 
The specific responsibilities of sector/cluster leads are described in detail in the IASC Generic Terms 
of Reference for Sector/Cluster Leads (Annex 1 of the Guidance Note on Using the Cluster 
Approach to Strengthen Humanitarian Response). 
These lay out minimum standards for all 
sector/cluster leads, including the need to ensure that agreed priority cross-cutting issues such as 
age, diversity, environment, gender, HIV/AIDS and human rights are effectively addressed in all 
sectors. The IASC Generic Terms of Reference may be contextualized and added to, but may not be 
reduced. 
 
Sector/cluster leads are responsible for ensuring that within their sectors focal points are nominated 
for Early Recovery and for agreed priority cross-cutting issues, as appropriate, to ensure that these 
issues are included in sector work plans and appeals. 
 
Sector/cluster leads at the country level are responsible for ensuring adherence to norms, policies 
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and standards agreed at the global level and should treat the global level clusters as a resource that 
can be called upon for advice on global standards, policies and ‘best practice’, as well as for 
operational support, general guidance and training programmes.  
 
Sector/cluster lead agencies at the country level are responsible for appointing appropriate 
individuals, with the necessary seniority, facilitation skills and expertise to be the sector/cluster 
coordinators. In some cases, there may be a need for sector/cluster lead agencies to appoint 
dedicated, full-time sector/cluster coordinators with no other programme responsibilities. 
 
Country Directors/Representatives of agencies designated as sector/cluster leads are responsible 
for ensuring that the HC, OCHA and the Humanitarian Country Team are informed of the names and 
contact details of the individuals designated as sector/cluster coordinators and that they are kept 
regularly informed of any changes. 
 
In cases where stakeholders consider that a sector/cluster lead agency at the country level is not 
adequately carrying out its responsibilities, it is the responsibility of the HC to consult the Country 
Director/Representative of the agency/organization concerned and where necessary, following 
consultations with the Humanitarian Country Team, to propose alternative arrangements.  
 
What is expected of sector/cluster partners? 
 
 
Humanitarian actors who participate in the development of common humanitarian action plans are 
expected to be proactive partners in assessing needs, developing strategies and plans for the 
sector, and implementing agreed priority activities. Provisions should also be made in sectoral 
groups for those humanitarian actors who may wish to participate as observers, mainly for 
information-sharing purposes. 
 
How are sector/cluster leads expected to relate to local government structures? 
 
“Each State has the responsibility first and foremost to take care of the victims of natural disasters 
and other emergencies occurring on its territory. Hence, the affected State has the primary role in 
the initiation, organization, coordination, and implementation of humanitarian assistance within its 
territory.” (GA Resolution 46/182) 
 
A key responsibility of sector/cluster leads at the country level is to ensure that humanitarian actors 
build on local capacities and maintain appropriate links with Government and local authorities, State 
institutions, civil society and other stakeholders. The nature of these links will depend on the 
situation in each country and the willingness and capacity of each of these actors to lead or 
participate in humanitarian activities.  
 
From the very outset of an emergency, it is the responsibility of sector/cluster leads to ensure close 
consultation with national authorities/counterparts on issues related to their respective sectors. 
 
By designating clear focal points within the international humanitarian community for all key sectors 
or areas of activity, the cluster approach should help governments and local authorities to know who 
to approach for support. This should help ensure more timely, predictable and adequate responses. 
 
What sectors/clusters should be established and who should lead them? 
 
In terms of what sectors/clusters are established at the country level, this may differ from the set of 
sectors/clusters established at the global level. For example, there may be cases where particular 
sectors are merged (e.g. Health and Nutrition). There may also be cases where particular sectoral 
groups are not needed (e.g. Logistics or Emergency Telecommunications). Sector/cluster leads 
should only be designated for the sectors relevant to the emergency. 
 
In the case of Protection, at the global level there are focal point agencies for issues such as Gender 
Based Violence (UNFPA). Similar arrangements can be made at the country level, as appropriate. 
 
In terms of who should lead each of the sectors/clusters at the country level, to enhance 
predictability, where possible sector lead arrangements at the country level should be in line with the 
lead agency arrangements at the global level. This principle should, however, be applied flexibly, 
taking account of capacities and strengths of humanitarian organizations already in the 
country/region. This may mean that in some cases sector lead arrangements at the country level do 
not replicate those at the global level. In such cases, it is particularly important that sector/cluster 
leads at the country level consult and maintain good communications with the respective global 
cluster leads, to ensure that agreed global standards/procedures are applied and to help mobilize 
the necessary operational support from the global level.  
 
The designation of sector/cluster leads should be based on transparent consultations within the 
Humanitarian Country Team and should take account of existing operations and capacities. 
 
Any IASC member can be a sector/cluster lead; it does not have to be a UN agency. 
 
Early Recovery planning should be integrated into the work of all sectoral groups. For this reason, 
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rather than establishing separate Early Recovery clusters/sectoral groups at the country level, it is 
recommended that each cluster nominate an Early Recovery focal point. The focal points should 
form a “network” to ensure joint planning and integrated response.  
 
To complement and support the clusters, thematic groups should also be established where needed 
to address priority cross-cutting issues. 
 
In some cases (e.g. where regional “hubs” have been established) NGOs or other humanitarian 
partners may act as sector focal points in parts of the country where they have a comparative 
advantage or where the cluster lead has no presence. 
 
In all instances clusters/sectoral groups at the country level should be inclusive of those 
organizations with real operational capacities in their respective sectors. They should be results-
oriented, with a clear focus on ensuring adequate humanitarian response. This includes addressing 
any gaps that may exist in the overall response.  
 
How long should sectors/clusters continue to function? 
 
The HC (or RC), in consultation with humanitarian partners, is responsible for adapting coordination 
structures over time, taking into consideration the capacities of the host Government, development 
partners, local organizations etc. 
 
Sector/cluster leads are responsible for ensuring the development of exit or transition strategies for 
their clusters. These strategies should be developed in close consultation with national authorities 
and development actors, in order to strengthen national coordination capacities. Some clusters may 
phase out or transition into other arrangements earlier than others.  
 
    
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES 
FOR DESIGNATING SECTOR/CLUSTER LEADS IN MAJOR NEW EMERGENCIES 
 
At the onset of the emergency (if possible, within the first 24 hours): 
 
Step 1. The HC (or RC, in countries where an HC has not been appointed) consults national 
authorities/counterparts and relevant IASC partners at the country level (NGOs, international organizations, 
the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and UN agencies) to determine priority sectors or 
areas of activity for the emergency; which agencies are best placed to assume the role of sector/cluster lead 
for each one; what thematic groups are needed to address cross-cutting issues; and what support is needed 
from OCHA and other actors in terms of common tools and services. 
 
Step 2. Based on these consultations, the HC (or RC) draws up a proposed list of sectors with designated 
sector/cluster leads for each. The HC (or RC) may also propose the establishment of thematic groups for 
particular priority cross-cutting issues. The HC (or RC) forwards this list to the Emergency Relief Coordinator 
(ERC), addressed to 
holmes@un.org
, requesting endorsement within 24 hours from the full IASC at the 
global level. 
 
Step 3. The ERC shares this proposal with the IASC, requesting endorsement or alternative proposals.  
 
Within 24 hours of receiving the proposal from the HC (or RC) 
 
Step 4. The ERC ensures agreement is reached within the IASC at the global level. Where agencies at the 
global level propose arrangements that differ from those initially proposed by the HC (or RC), the ERC 
consults the HC (or RC) and IASC further in order to reach agreement. 
 
Step 5.
 The ERC communicates the decision reached to the HC (or RC) and all relevant partners at global 
level.  
 
Step 6.
 The HC (or RC) informs the host government and all relevant country-level partners of agreed 
arrangements within the international humanitarian response. Common Humanitarian Action Plans and 
appeal documents should clearly state the agreed priority sectors and the designated leads for each. 
 
 
 
 
Prepared by the IASC Task Team on the Cluster Approach 
Geneva, 23 May 2007