Final CGuideline (b) Habitat 23

HOW TO BUILD A SAFER SHELTER

A Guide for Households on how to build a shelter that will provide greater protection from future severe weather

conditions.

INTRODUCTION

The people in Ayeyarwaddy and Yangon Districts are beginning to recover from the devastation caused by last year’s

cyclone Nargis. Now, many shelters are being repaired, upgraded and reconstructed. How should these shelters be

built to better protect the families against the strong winds, heavy rains and high floods? UN-HABITAT, in collaboration

with other agencies in the shelter Cluster, have identified the following ten main points to incorporate and ensure that

every new shelter will better resist severe weather conditions and provide higher levels of protection.

Build your house on stilts on the highest spot or your plot:

Face the shorter side of a ‘rectangular type’ shelter towards where the strong winds normally blow from.

Construct a roof with a steep slope (minimum 30 degrees), to reduce risk of being blown off.

Limit the projection of the roof on all sides to maximum 18 inches.

Fix the cover of the roof firmly to the frame of the roof.

Fix rafters, purlins, tie beams and post plates firmly to the posts.

Anchor the strong posts with solid footings to the ground.

Strengthen your shelters against the winds with braces on each side.

Maintain the important parts of your shelter regularly.

Re-tighten and repair your shelter before the monsoon starts.

These rules apply to all types of shelters, whether building with bamboo and fixing with ropes or if constructing with

palm trunks or timber joined by nuts and bolts. These rules do not only apply to constructions after cyclone Nargis,

but to any shelter construction you and your village members engage in from now on.

This Guide explains the special features, techniques and recommendations and shows how they can easy be

applied for any safe construction. Read the guide, discuss with your community, seek advice from carpenters and

build a safer shelter.

A shelter that is built using the methods described in this booklet will provide increased protection from wind and rain

and flood, and will enable you to sleep at night in the knowledge that you are in a strong and safer shelter.

David Evans, UN-HABITAT

THE VILLAGE CARPENTERS GUIDE

Contents

Page.

Introduction

Chapter 1. General points for a Carpenter

1.1 Role of a carpenter

1.2 DRR requirements

1.3 ABC Principle

1.4 How to check the stability of an existing shelter

1.5 Shelter upgrading

Chapter 2. Construction Materials

Chapter 3. Tests to check resistance of shelters

Chapter 4. Construction Guidelines

Main Points to consider to build a safer shelter

Published by:

UN-HABITAT, Myanmar, April 2009

Prepared by:

Garmini Gunasekera, Chief Technical Trainer,

and the UN-HABITAT Training Team, Pya Pon

On base of the UN-HABITAT DRR Training Cycle

A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

Construction of new shelters and improvements of the stability of exis-ting
shelters are two important community activities, especially after the Cyclone
Nargis which destroyed a large number of shelters. As the shelters in the
delta region are mainly made out of timber or bamboo, the role of the Vil-
lage Carpenter is very important. Their services and advice are sought by
almost all families in order to build new shelters or to improve existing shel-
ters. Especially in the delta area, which is prone to seasonal rains, storms
and floods, the carpenter, has an important role to play: to improve the exist-
ing shelters and to construct new shel-ters in such a way that the can better
resist to the elements. While re-sistance to cyclones of the magnitude of
Nargis is beyond the scope of the village carpenter, he should be in a posi-
tion to advise households if their shelters can withstand the usual rains, storms
and floods - or how the shelters can be improved to better protect the fami-
lies in the rainy season and eventually, if required, build a new, more resis-
tant shelter.

This Guide offers an opportunity for Village Carpenters to acquire ad-ditional
skills and knowledge. The Guide includes the necessary tech-nical informa-
tion and guides the carpenter methodically through the total process of making
shelters more resistant to natural elements, using materials available in the
region, either by simple upgrading activities or by constructing of new shel-
ters.

The guide is not necessarily meant for reading from start to end. It may
serve as a source of reference for particular shelter construction or repair
activity envisaged in relation to a given shelter.

Carpenters who are thorough with the contents of this Guide will also be in a
position to act as advisors to householders and village com-mittees en-
gaged in shelter construction. These carpenters will contri-bute in an essen-
tial manner to the village efforts to be prepared for the forces of nature
during the rainy season in the delta region.

These skilled carpenters are invited to share skills and knowledge acquired
through the guide with their colleagues and other facilitators.

A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

Chapter 1.

General points on shelter construction

1.1 The role of a carpenter

Provide four services.

A carpenter is called upon to provide four
services:

Advise households how they can make
their shelters safer.

Improve shelters resistance before rain
season.

Upgrade the safety and quality of ex-
isting
shelters

Build new shelters

1.2 Disaster Risk
Reduction (DRR)
Compliance

In order to reduce the risks of loss
of lives, livelihood and assets
cau-sed by heavy rains, strong
storms and high floods, the car-
penters have to observe some
main points and follow impor-
tant technical guidelines when
they upgrade any existing shel-
ter or build new safe houses.
In technical words this means:
DRR compliance of a shelter is its ability
to retain its original characteristics
after being subjected to natural
elements and continue to pro-
vide safe shelter to its occu-
pants and assets.

A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

Points to observe

Build on higher/safer ground

Short face of the house to wind-
ward direction

Roof pitch – minimum 30 degree

Roof projection – not more than
18" from all sides

Roof cover firmly fixed to rafter,
and purlin

Rafters, purlins, tie beams and
post plates have to be securely
fixed to posts

Provide bracings.

Posts firmly anchored to ground

Maintain/repair regularly

Repair/upgrade before monsoon

Disaster Risk Reduction

More safety from floods

More stability against winds.

Proper roof drainage.
Prevents roof blowing away

Prevents roof blowing away

Keeps roof cover intact against wind
forces

Prevents structural failure

Makes structure wind resistant

Prevents the posts (and even the
entire shelter) to tilt, sway or be
blown away

Extends the durability of shelter

Ensures that shelter remains resis-
tant and safe.

A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

1.3 ABC Principle

The general requirements in shelter construction in regard of DRR compli-
ance is summarized in a simple abbreviation: the ABC Principle.

A = Anchoring
Every part of the structure must
be tied back to some secure point
which is capable of resisting all
applied forces.

B = Bracing
Every part of the structure must
be held rigid so that it cannot tilt,
slide or rotate.

C =Continuity Every part of the
structure must be properly con-
nected to every other member.

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A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

1.4 How to check the stability of an existing shelter

Prior to planning any repair work or eventually a new construction to replace
an existing shelter, check the shelter for stability.
The stability of a shelter can be assessed by four checks, which are made
best when the household owner is assisted by the Village Carpenter.

- Is the majority of post bases decayed?
- Is the shelter tilted more than 5 degrees?
- Is the roof sagging?
- Are bracings provided?

A sagging roof

Tilted shelter

Braces

Decayed posts

A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

1.5 Shelter upgrading

Existing shelters shall be upgraded to better resist and thus better protect
the families against heavy rains, strong storms and high floods. Shelter up-
grading work involves:

Remarks

Rearrange or replace roof cover and top mat.

To ensure good anchoring, weak posts should
be totally or partially replaced. Temporary sup-
porting is required while the posts are replaced.

Rafters and purlins should be replaced prior to
work on roof cover. When beams have to be
replaced, the structure should be temporarily
supported.

Additional braces make the shelter frame more
rigid and resistant to winds. It also helps to
straighten tilted structures.

Clean both top and bottom. Re-nail/re-rope
loose slats. Replace decayed parts.

Clean both internal and external faces. Provide
additional braces if required. Re-nail loose parts.
Paint with preservatives.

Check all frame joints. Tighten bolts & nuts.
Drive loose nails. Use new nails if required. Re-
rope if ropes are used.

Upgrading

Repair or replace
roof cover and top
mat

Replace weak posts

Replace weak
beams, rafters, pur-
lins

Introduce or add
bracings

Repair floor deck

Repair wall cladding

Tighten loose joints

A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

Chapter 2.

Construction Materials

The choice of construction material to be made in careful consideration of:
a. Availability

b. Suitability

c. Quality

d. Cost

Characteristics and
suitability of some major
construction materials.

Sawn Timber

Used as:

•

Posts, beams, joists,
bracings

•

Rafters, purlins

•

Floor boards

•

Wall cladding

•

Valance & Barge Boards
Characteristics

•

Variety of grades ranging
from strong to weak and
durable to non-durable.

•

Gives a neat finish

•

Available in many common
sizes

•

Many species have resis
tance to termite/pest attack

•

Easy to work. Can be as
sembled with conventional
timber joints. Can be nailed
or bolted

•

High cost
Consider required strength
and durability for intended
use

Sawn timber post & Joist joint with nuts & bolts

Halving joint

Sawn timber post and

joist joint

A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

Bamboo

•

Posts, Beams, Joists

•

Rafters and Purlins
Characteristics:

•

Low cost

•

Susceptible to ter
mite/pest attack

•

Strong for most loca
tions of the structure

•

For main structure dif
ficult since proper
jointing is complicated.

•

Round section of bamboo makes
anchoring difficult.

•

Splits easily.

•

Very good for rafters, purlins.
Bamboo is split and used for floor deck and wall cladding

Toddy Palm :

•

Posts, beams, joists,
bracings

•

Rafters, purlins
Characteristics:

•

Strong and durable

•

Hard outer layer/soft inner
layer

•

Resistant termite/pest at
tack

•

No neat finish since the
trunk is split and not sawn

•

Adequate stocks available

•

Difficult to work.

•

Can be nailed or bolted

•

Relatively low cost

Ensure that the soft core part of
the trunk is completely removed.

Toddy Palm

Now used fixing method

Improved method of fixing
bamboo joints

A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

Jungle Wood.

•

Posts, Beams, Joists

•

Rafters and Purlins
Characteristics:

•

Relatively low cost strong
structural material.

•

Some species are very durable.

•

Round and usually tapering in
section.

•

Can be used for most locations
of the structure.

•

Jointed with bolts & nuts, nails or
roping

Select larger diameter trunks from du-
rable species

Jungle wood joint between post and joist.

Nipa palm thatch

Used for roof cover and sometimes for wall cladding.
Characteristics

•

Freely available; but seasonal.

•

Requires preparation prior to covering.

•

Provides a thick waterproof cover if properly laid.

•

Requires firm fixing to rafters/purlins to avoid blowing away due to
wind.

•

Low cost.

•

Rainwater harvesting is difficult

Nipa palm covered roof

A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

Sawn timber planks

•

Floor deck

•

Doors & Windows

•

Valance – and Barge boards
Characteristics:

•

High cost.

•

Gives a neat and waterproof,
even finish

•

Strong

Split bamboo

Used for floor deck
Characteristics

•

Most common type of floor in
the delta

•

A well conversant material.

•

Low cost

•

Does not provide an even floor
surface

•

Installation is simple

Purchase large diameter bamboo for
floor deck work.

Roof with CGI-sheets

Sawn tim-
ber planks

house with Bamboo floor mat

CGI Sheet

•

Roof cover

•

Cladding

Characteristics

•

High cost.

•

Ready for use.

•

May pause safety hazard if not

properly fixed.

•

Liable to corrode.

•

Light weight.

•

Easy to lay

Specifications:
CGI sheets 30 or 32 gauge are suitable for normal shelter roofs

A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

Chapter 3: Tests to check resistance of shelter
construction

The following three tests
shall prove on site if the
constructions is done
properly done so that the
shelter will resists to the
natural forces.

Bending of column
posts

Will the post resist

against strong winds?To
test the ability of column
posts to resist high
winds.If a post firmly bur-
ied in ground if pulled by
02 people (average
force of 130 kg) returns
back to its original posi-
tion, it can be consid-
ered to withstand normal
wind forces.

Resistance for uplift-
ing of post footings

Are

the post footings well
anchored in the
ground?Using rope and
cross bar two people will
pull out a post footing
buried in soil. If the force
exerted by the two
people cannot move the
footing, it is safe from
uplifting. If it comes
loose the area around is
not compacted properly
and should be re-com-
pacted.

A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

Chapter 4: Construction guidelines

A good carpenter has to produce a safe, strong shelter with good finish.
This can only be
achieved when these
good work practices are
applied:

1) Site preparation
A typical shelter site may
require all or only some
of the following activities:
·

Clearing

Leveling

Providing access
to site

Allocation of space
for material storage

Water supply

Waste disposal

Fencing

2) Setting out
In timber- and bamboo construction se
tting out is to mark the lo-
cation of cente
rs of all posts on ground.
1. Select shelter location
site.
2. Use wooden pegs and
strings for drawing lines.
3. Set out base line.
4. Set out right angles
(3:4:5)
5. Set out other lines per-
pendicular to base line.
6. Complete the rect-
angle/s.
7. For accuracy: measure
diagonals

Sketch of men prepar-
ing a

site

Center line net-

work.

A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

3) Excavation for posts
Mark location of column posts at each intersection of setting out lines.
From the centre mark width of the pit.
Excavate using auger or crow bar and shovel Stack excavated material away
from opening Excavate to required depth Bottoms of all pits should be at
the same level. Use water level for leveling depth of excavation.

4) Preparation of posts

Before erecting posts
they prepare them to
receive floor joists,
post plates, ridge plate
and tie beams.
This is done by provid-
ing chases at appropri-
ate heights to accom-
modate joists and
posts. Provision of
chases makes the joint
secure and share the
load.
Give attention to pro-
vide proper roof slope
in cutting chases for
ridge plate.

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A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

6) Mounting joists of the frame

At floor level: (a) Cross joists; (b) Long joists, (c) Floor joists
At roof level: (d) post plates, (e) tie beams and (f) ridge plate

The joists are placed in pre-prepared slots (chases) and fixed using bolts &
nuts, nails or ropes (mainly if bamboo is used).

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A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

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A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

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A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

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A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

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A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

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aqmif&Gufygonf/ tvsm;vdkufwef;rsm;udk MuGufavQmuf[kac: NyD;
a'gifvdkufwef;rsm;udk usHwdkif^uRJeH[kac:onf/

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eH&Habmifrsm; wyfqifxm;yHk

cJGíayguf
xm;aom
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csnfaESmifaeykH

eH&Hwyfqif&ef eH&Habmifrsm;
wyfqifxm;yHk

A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

(15) wHcg;? jywif;abmif

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av0ifavxGufaumif;ap&ef tenf;qHk;jywif;ayguf (2) ayguf&Sd&rnf/

wHcg;ESifhjywif;abmifrsm;udk cGJom; 3vufr? 2vufr (odkYr[kwf 4vufr? 1vufr)
jzifhjyKvkyf&rnf/ abmifudkqif&mwGif uefYvefYjzwfwpf0ufzHk; (Cross half lap)
ESifhtvsm;vdkufwpf0ufxyftxufoHk;&rnf/ abmif&Sdtquf rsm;udkoH½dkuf&rnf/
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A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

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A vuide for Villaeg Carpenters

ed*Hk;

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xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;um rdrdwdkY\wnfjidrfrIESifh ckdifcHhrItm;enf;aom
aetdrfrsm; tm;tqiffhjrSifhwifjcif;? jyefvnfjyKjyifwnfaqmufjcif;rsm;udk
aqmif&GufBu&ayrnf/ þudpöudk tdrfaxmifpk vrf;nTefwGifaz:jyxm;ygonf/
jyifqifxdef;odrf;jcif;ESifh tqifhjrSifhwifa&;onf rdom;pkwdkif;ESifhoufqdkifojzifh
wpfOD;aumif;wpfa,mufaumif; aqmif&Gufír&yg/ &GmvHk;uGswf
nDnmpGmpkaygif;aqmif&Guf&rnfh vkyfief;jzpfonf/ jynfolvlxktm;vHk;
tm&kHpdkuf pdwf0ifpm;vma&; vkyfief;tqifhqifh
aqmif&Guf&efpnf;&kH;vIHYaqmfa&;? rdrdwdkY\&Sd&if;aiGtiftm;? vltiftm;
ponfht&if;tjrpfrsm;? xyfrH&&Sdvmrnfh&HyHkaiGESifh

Points to observe

Build on higher/safer ground

Short face of the house to wind-
ward direction

Roof pitch – minimum 30 degree

Roof projection – not more than
18" from all sides

Roof cover firmly fixed to rafter,
and purlin

Rafters, purlins, tie beams and
post plates have to be securely
fixed to posts

Provide bracings.

Posts firmly anchored to ground

Maintain/repair regularly

Repair/upgrade before monsoon

Disaster Risk Reduction

More safety from floods

More stability against winds.

Proper roof drainage.
Prevents roof blowing away

Prevents roof blowing away

Keeps roof cover intact against wind
forces

Prevents structural failure

Makes structure wind resistant

Prevents the posts (and even the
entire shelter) to tilt, sway or be
blown away

Extends the durability of shelter

Ensures that shelter remains resis-
tant and safe.

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Compliance