The Impact of Climate Change on People
with Disabilities
Report of the e-discussion hosted by
The Global Partnership for Disability &
Development (GPDD)
and
The World Bank (Human Development Network -
Social Protection/Disability & Development Team
July 8, 2009
Table of Contents
1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Global Partnership for Disability and Development (GPDD), in partnership with the
World Bank’s Disability and Development team, held a five-day long e-discussion on the Impact
of Climate Change on People with Disabilities, facilitated by Dr. Maria Kett, from Leonard
Cheshire Disability, and Valerie Scherrer, from the Christian Blind Mission. Dr. Kett and Ms.
Scherrer are both engaged in work for the International Disability and Development
Consortium (IDDC). Due to existing inequities and disparities, people with disabilities will face
a disproportionate impact due to climate change. People with disabilities and their families
need adaptation and coping strategies and robust systems and mechanisms that can mitigate
and minimize the harmful effects of climate change, and promote sustainable access to basic
necessities, secure livelihoods, health care, and social and civic participation. The objective of
the e-discussion was to share information and knowledge about the needs of people with
disabilities and good practices for inclusion in situations such as natural and man-made
disasters, emergencies, violence and conflict, scarcity of resources, and development efforts, all
of which will be affected by climate change. The e-discussion was divided into two main
thematic areas:
I.
Inclusive Disasters, Emergency, and Conflict Management, and
II.
Basic Necessities & Poverty Reduction
The issues raised in the e-discussion are summarized below:
I. Inclusive Disasters, Emergency, and Conflict Management
Participants were encouraged to share their experiences, give examples of good
practices, and promote efforts that can substantially improve disaster response for people with
disabilities and their families. They raised several different issues, while also providing case
studies and examples that give an insight into efforts on the ground. Despite some positive
2
developments, gaps in accessibility continue in recovery and reconstruction efforts and most
mainstream initiatives do not address the needs of people with disabilities. Stigma remains one
of the most intractable barriers towards the inclusion of disability issues in disaster response.
Although international and mainstream actors assert that they want to include the needs of
people with disabilities in their Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) activities they claim that they do
not have the necessary “expertise/capacity/specialization.” As a result, the needs of people
with disabilities continue to be labeled as “special needs,” which is severely detrimental to
efforts for promoting inclusive practices. Disability and humanitarian organizations have to
strengthen alliances to effectively integrate disability in disaster management. There were
significant concerns that even when disability is included in disaster management policies and
planning, there is a severe lack of implementation and know-how to translate policy into
effective practice. Participants felt that the disability community has to work towards
demystifying disability, providing technical guidance on appropriate measures to address
different disabilities, and demonstrating the feasibility of inclusive disaster management
through practical solutions. Sometimes mainstream services may be inadequate to fully address
the needs of individuals with disabilities. In such cases, a “twin track approach” can get
individuals appropriate access to both mainstream and specialized services through effective
networking and coordination between the mainstream actors and disability service providers.
Recommendations were provided to respond to violence and protection of individuals with
disabilities in disaster, emergency, and conflict situations.
People with disabilities who also belong to other minority groups based on gender, race,
or ethnicity may face added disadvantages in having their needs met in a disaster situation. A
broader view towards practices inclusive of all needs would ensure that response and service
delivery is not fragmented but mindful of all sources of vulnerability.
3
Finally, participants discussed methods to balance limited resources in developing
countries with the need to ensure that individuals with disabilities people with disabilities are
not excluded from disaster preparedness, response, relief, and reconstruction. The main
challenges faced by governments in addressing disability issues were listed as: lack of financial
resources; lack of knowledge, problem solving, and on-site advocates on disability issues; lack
of international guidance, through the international coordination mechanisms, and donor
priorities. Respondents stressed the need to provide these governments with practical, cost-
effective, realistic, and relevant examples from the developing world.
II. Basic Necessities & Poverty Reduction
Changes in weather patterns and natural resources can severely affect food and water
availability and result in changes to occupational trends and forced migrations. These changes
will also impact on-going development and poverty reduction efforts. Respondents shared their
concerns about maintaining access to food and water distribution, and stressed the need for
accessible distribution sources. Occupations relying on natural resources and weather patterns
are most likely to be directly impacted by climate change. Respondents suggested the need to
tackle barriers to agricultural occupations for people with disabilities, which may multiply due
to climate change, while also highlighting the need for alternate livelihood training in the event
of forced migration – often an effect of climate change. Development efforts must consider
access to economic resources for people with disabilities to offset the negative impacts of
climate change on poverty reduction.
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I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Need for an e-discussion on the impact of climate change on people with
disabilities
Climate change can result in grave consequences for human well-being, development,
and security through increased exposure to severe weather conditions such as floods and
droughts that will directly aggravate the risks of disease and poor-health, inadequate drinking
water and food scarcity, loss of livelihoods, migration, violence, and conflict (United Nations
Development Program [UNDP], 2007). Vulnerable and marginalized groups including the
poorest populations in low and middle income countries will face a disproportionate impact of
climate change and this will threaten the effectiveness and success of development and poverty-
reduction efforts [UNDP; The World Bank, 2006, 2009a]. Additionally, resource scarcity may
intensify existing inequalities and result in greater fissures between communities and a rise in
violence and conflict. Conversely, existing inequalities can also exacerbate individuals’
vulnerability to the negative effects of climate change (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change [IPCC], 2007).
While different populations may face similar risks of exposure to the negative effects of
climate change, their actual vulnerability is socially constructed i.e. it is dependent on their
socio-economic conditions and the available resources and infrastructure (Morrow, 1999).
People with disabilities constitute a significant proportion of the poorest of the poor in the
world (Hoogevan, 2005; McClain-Nhlapo, C., 2006; U.S. Census Bureau, 2008) and face
inequalities in access to education (UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
[UNESCO], 2009), health care (Cheausuwantavee, 2007; Sherr & Blumhardt, 2002), employment
(Eide & Kamaleri, 2009; Hoogevan; Loeb & Aide, 2004), asset accumulation (Hartnett,
Mendelsohn, & Morris, 2008), and opportunities for social and community participation
5
(Handicap International & the Christian Blind Mission, 2006). More than 80% of people with
disabilities live in low and middle income countries (World Health Organization [WHO], 2009).
Individuals with disabilities are disproportionately affected in disaster, emergency, and conflict
situations due to the lack of accessibility in evacuation, response, and recovery efforts, and
exclusion of disability issues in planning and preparedness (Center for International
Rehabilitation [CIR], 2005; Fox, White, Rooney & Rowland, 2007; National Council on
Disability, 2006; Priestley & Hemingway, 2007). Food and drinking water scarcity will increase
malnutrition rates and poor health conditions leading to a greater risk of acquiring a health-
related disability (McMichael et al., 2003). These social and economic inequities will have a
snowballing effect on their vulnerability to the adverse impacts of climate change.
People with disabilities and their families need adaptation and coping strategies and
robust systems and mechanisms that can mitigate and minimize the harmful effects of climate
change, and promote sustainable access to basic necessities, secure livelihoods, health care, and
social and civic participation. However, there is a lack of documented information about the
disparate impacts of climate change on people with disabilities, and their needs have not been
included in most vulnerability assessments or reports on mitigation, adaptation, and coping
strategies. This does not imply that no information or knowledge exists about the needs of
people with disabilities or good practices for inclusion in situations such as natural and man-
made disasters, emergencies, violence and conflict, scarcity of resources, and development
efforts, all of which will be affected by climate change. By building on this knowledge, and
sharing information among people with disabilities, disabled peoples organizations (DPOs),
other civil society organizations, academics, disability advocates, development practitioners,
donor agencies, and policy makers, we can begin to build new mechanisms or strengthen
existing ones to adequately prepare for the realities and effects of climate change.
6
The Global Partnership for Disability and Development (GPDD) in partnership with the
World Bank’s Disability and Development team, hosted an E-Discussion on the Impact of Climate
Change on People with Disabilities from December 8-12, 2009 to promote discussion on the subject
within the disability and development communities. Facilitated by Dr. Maria Kett, from
Leonard Cheshire Disability, and Valerie Scherrer, from the Christian Blind Mission, both of
who are engaged in work for the International Disability and Development Consortium (IDDC),
the e-discussion attracted 127 participants from several countries who enriched the dialogue by
sharing knowledge, experiences, case studies, stories, and literature. Participants included
people with disabilities, representatives of Disabled Peoples’ Organizations (DPOs) and Non-
Governmental Organizations (NGOs), relief organizations, disaster and emergency
management communities, development practitioners, donors, and academics. This e-
discussion was not an empirical or systematic investigation into the consequences of climate
change for people with disabilities or potential solutions to mitigate or minimize its impact.
Rather, it was intended as an open platform to share experiences, opinions, and good practices
between people engaged in different fields of work such as inclusive development, disaster and
emergency management, advocacy and awareness-raising, and poverty reduction. This report
summarizes the issues raised during the discussion and is based entirely on the thoughts,
experiences, examples, and opinions shared by the participants, except where external sources
are cited. Hence it is by its very nature a subjective account of the impact of climate change on
people with disabilities.
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1.2 Content and structure of the e-discussion
To maximize its usability and coverage of different critical issues, the discussion was
structured around two primary thematic areas:
III.
Inclusive Disasters, Emergency, and Conflict Management (Days 1-3), and
IV.
Basic Necessities & Poverty Reduction (Days 4-5)
Additionally, it sought to draw out sustainable adaptation and coping strategies to
prepare adequately for these emerging concerns.
Each day, one of the facilitators would share a list of questions to initiate discussion on a
sub-topic and also summarize the previous day’s postings. The entire set of questions and
instructions are included in Appendix C. The GPDD Secretariat moderated all the postings to
ensure that the content was respectful. The report is organized into the different themes that
emerged from the discussion across all five days. Section I focuses on inclusive disaster
management,
while Section II tackles issues of basic resource limitations, health, and poverty
reduction efforts.
1
The term “inclusive disaster management” is used in this report generally to refer to planning,
preparedness, response, and recovery efforts across natural and man-made disasters, emergency
situations, and emergency response issues (such as evacuation, sheltering, and aid distribution) arising in
violence, war, and conflict situations.
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II. INCLUSIVE DISASTER, EMERGENCY, AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Following disasters and emergency situations in the past few years, such as the Asian
Tsunami and Hurricane Katrina, several efforts were made to highlight the needs of people
with disabilities at all stages of the disaster preparedness, response, and recovery process and
share knowledge on best practices and strategies to ensure that people with disabilities are
involved in emergency preparedness and planning, and that response and recovery efforts
address their needs. (See for example: NCD, 2006; Nobody Left Behind, 2007; CIR, 2005; Hans &
Mohanty, 2006; US Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA], 2009; WHO, 2005;
Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, 2008). See Appendix A for other
sources provided by e-discussion participants.
However we need to assess whether lessons learned were systematically and
successfully applied to more recent disasters and understand and highlight the barriers and
challenges that continue to exist in our communities. The first portion of the e-discussion was
dedicated to examining recent developments, or the lack of progress, in inclusive disaster
management. It sought to identify the barriers and facilitators to meeting the needs of people
with disabilities during disasters, emergencies, and conflict. Additionally, participants were
requested to think about the potential solutions and initiatives that can facilitate significant
improvements and changes in the way in which disability is conceptualized and addressed in
disaster management. Participants were encouraged to share their experiences, give examples
of good practices, and promote efforts that can substantially improve disaster response for
people with disabilities and their families. This section highlights the different issues that were
raised by the participants, along with case studies and examples that give an insight into efforts
on the ground.
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2.1 Heightened vulnerability and the needs of people with disabilities in disasters
A disturbing and frequently cited concern expressed by several participants was the
heightened vulnerability of people with disabilities in disaster, emergency, and conflict
situations. Common experiences reveal that at the onset of a disaster, emergency, or conflict
situation, people with disabilities are more likely to be left behind or abandoned during
evacuation. One participant mentioned emerging stories of how people with disabilities were
left behind in the rush to escape tides and winds when cyclone Nargis hit Myanmar in May
2008. Additionally, the disruption to physical, social, economic and environmental networks
and support systems disproportionately affected people with disabilities. This resonates with
experiences of individuals with disabilities in other parts of the world in the aftermath of a
disaster. Another concern is the potential for discrimination on the basis of disability when
resources are scarce in the immediate response and long-term recovery period. As one
participant summarized, “whenever there is a scarcity of resources, those who are historically
excluded from society, in general, are especially likely to experience barriers and access issues
when resources are diminished overall.”
Although some positive developments are certainly in place, gaps in accessibility
continue in recovery and reconstruction efforts, as documented through a contributor’s
observations on reconstruction efforts in Indonesia after the Yogyakarta and Central Java
earthquake in 2006:
… a fair number of actors ensured reconstruction efforts included improved access. This
also included specific projects, including watsan [water and sanitation], targeting people
with disabilities. However, many public buildings (including schools) were not rebuilt
with basic facilities such as ramps and accessible toilets…This is disappointing
10
especially considering relevant Indonesian construction guidelines have been in place
for some time.
Another participant shared how disaster management personnel are trying to address
the needs of people with disabilities in India:
In India, the Disaster Risk Management Programme covering 17 states have been trying
to address the issue of differentially abled in the planning process for preparedness and
response by ensuring that segregated data is available for effective response. The
Evacuation, Search and Rescue and First Aid teams have this information in readiness
for effective response.
Such efforts at gathering data on people with disabilities in communities in advance
often get mixed responses from the disability community and advocates. Some fear that
mechanisms to register people with disabilities in communities (often referred to as registries)
would raise the risk of privacy violations and intrusion by the government who could easily use
the data for other purposes. Others feel that it is important to differentiate between
“government involvement, intervention and intrusion,” especially since governments do play a
central and significant role in disaster response. There is a need to balance individuals’ privacy
rights with the government’s ability to ensure that everyone’s basic needs are met in a disaster
including rescue, evacuation, sheltering, and aid distribution. Self or community identification
as opposed to mandatory registration for disaster planning purposes could be a potential
solution.
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2.2 Stigma towards people with disabilities
Stigma remains one of the most intractable barriers towards the inclusion of disability
issues in disaster response, and it is difficult indeed to legislate to change people’s attitudes. A
participant described how displaced people affected by leprosy in Sudan were not allowed by
“other refugees into the [refugee] camps,” but had to go to the local leprosy village. This in turn
makes it necessary to raise the awareness of relief agencies about such situations so that they
can ensure appropriate distribution of food and relief operations to multiple sites as opposed to
the refugee camps only.
2.3 Mitigation and Inclusive Preparedness
Instead of being purely reactive, disaster management has to include effective and
inclusive mitigation efforts that consider how communities can prevent or minimize the effects
of hazards and the economic, social, and political costs of these events. Mitigation also involves
personal preparedness for individuals with disabilities such as a plan that meets their needs, a
strong social network they can rely on, plan for their service animals, and having an emergency
kit adjusted to local needs. For example, the state of Maryland in the United States has invested
heavily in preparing both people with disabilities and the local emergency management
personnel to ensure that all are as prepared as possible and that people with disabilities are
more aware of the capabilities of the local and state governments. However, this may only
address emergency response issues narrowly without meeting the larger need for accessible and
inclusive communities, as suggested by a respondent:
Interestingly, all these efforts (in Maryland) have been directed at response mostly;
ensuring buildings are accessible for entry and exit, have plans for in-place sheltering or
12
evacuation (technology and equipment), preparing personal emergency kits, among
many others. Nevertheless, individuals with disabilities remain vulnerable in terms of
residential segregation, institutional discrimination, access to crucial goods and services
(healthcare, employment, transportation).
Similarly, some state emergency management officials in Mexico have been adapting
their response plans, information dissemination and warning systems, and shelters to address
the needs of people with disabilities and others such as indigenous groups. However, as in the
example above, “individuals with disabilities and other highly vulnerable groups are still living
in great poverty, segregated, with significant barriers to many other goods and services that
only increases their vulnerability.”
2.4 Continuing exclusion of disability in mainstream disaster management efforts
Participants shared their recent exposure to mainstream practices in improving disaster
management, and expressed disappointment that even though there has been some progress,
the needs of people with disabilities are excluded from most initiatives. For example,
appropriate accessibility usually does not appear to form part of reconstruction criteria, and
though this issue has been raised by international disability organizations with several global
agencies, policies and practices have not been updated to reflect this. A respondent noted that
experiences of people with disabilities during the war in Lebanon in 2006 showed that only
DPOs were making efforts to meet the needs of individuals with disabilities. The lack of
accessible vehicles and assistive medical equipment prohibited the evacuation of many people
with disabilities during the war. Although international and mainstream actors assert that they
want to include the needs of people with disabilities in their Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
activities they claim that they do not have the necessary “expertise/capacity/specialization” in
13
this issue due to the conceptualization of disability as purely a medical condition. As a result,
the needs of people with disabilities continue to be labeled as “special needs,” which is severely
detrimental to efforts for promoting inclusive practices. As a participant stated, “in an
emergency, being special is not only not a good thing, it can actually be deadly.” In fact,
preparing to meet the needs of people with disabilities benefits the entire community and
optimizes limited and precious resources.
Participants questioned the extent to which disability is really mainstreamed in UN
humanitarian responses, in particular the Cluster Approach, advocated by the Inter-Agency
Standing Committee (IASC, 2007) Sub-Working Group on Preparedness and Contingency
Planning through its planning guidelines on humanitarian assistance. The cluster approach is
intended to improve inter-agency planning, predictability, and accountability in disaster
response, by promoting a strategic and coordinated response across key stakeholders in
different clusters (areas of activity), with each cluster having a designated leader (IASC, 2007).
Various organizations have been involved in the development and are often deputy cluster
leads in the various countries (e.g. IASC Sub-Working Group on Preparedness and Contingency
Planning, composed of members from CARE, ICRC2, IFRC, OCHA, UNDP, UNHCR, WHO
and co-chaired by WFP and UNICEF). Disability should be integrated into such approaches as
an issue that cuts across multiple sectors, similar to the mainstreaming of gender across clusters.
Respondents suggested a “guerilla approach to infiltrating all of the existing clusters” towards
inclusion rather than advocating a separate IASC Cluster on Disability. Coordinated quality
control in each cluster could ensure accessible communications, transportation, shelters,
sanitation, and relevant post-disaster education. Similarly, forums such as HAPs (Humantarian
Action Plan) and CAPs (Consolidated Appeals Process) in countries with ongoing emergencies
should have committees that cover a disability as a cross-cutting issue. Currently, cross-cutting
14
issues in the IASC humanitarian reform include gender, age, HIV and the environment.
However, this would require major international disability or other non-governmental
organizations to take the lead in representing disability in different clusters and advocating for
inclusion in other committees. In the past, disability sub-clusters have been formed in response
to some disasters such as Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar in 2008.
Respondents shared some examples of policies that do mention disability, such as the
need for DRR education for children with disabilities was added to BIWAKO plus 5 and the
Bangkok Action Agenda. The European Community Humanitarian Aid department’s (ECHO)
Disaster Preparedness ECHO program’s (DIPECHO) Sixth Action Plan also made reference to
the needs of people with disabilities. The Third Asian Ministerial Conference on DRR held in
Malaysia mentioned disabilities in its recommendations. Another key inter-agency initiative,
the Sphere Project, has also released minimum standards for disaster response through a great
deal of work by humanitarian organizations. As one participant explained, “these guidelines
have all sorts of technical data, detailed guidelines and information for setting up emergency
response, exactly the kind of work that needs to be pre-designed as inclusive or accessible. And
yet the guidelines only mention disability as a kind of afterthought and lumped in with several
other issues.”Standards and guidelines that only mention disability as a cross-cutting issue
without giving any ideas as to how to achieve mainstreaming can lead to confusing and
ineffective implementation.
It is also important to consider rights based approaches to inclusive disaster
management. For example, the IASC’s Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial support in
Emergency settings do not reference the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
[CRPD] despite being released after the Convention’s passage. This can impact the manner in
which individuals with disabilities are perceived by disaster management personnel.
15
Participants shared numerous examples of similar guidelines, declarations, and policies that do
not explicitly involve and include the needs of people with disabilities (See Appendix B).
2.5 Increasing collaboration between mainstream actors and disability
organizations
A key reason for the continuing exclusion of disability in mainstream disaster
management could be that disability and humanitarian organizations are not engaging in a
meaningful dialogue. Often, conferences and workshops that could be an effective meeting
ground tend to cater only to one of these communities. A participant recounted, “I was told
that if these events were to be promoted as only disaster conferences, no people with disabilities
would attend; on the other hand, few people without disabilities/associations actually
attended, unless invited by the organizers,” and suggested that efforts to merge these
conferences with other vulnerable groups and create a common agenda would add political
muscle and effectiveness to the process. It is necessary to reach out to initiatives such as the
Sphere Project and create strategic alliances to encourage meaningful and practical inclusion of
the needs of people with disabilities throughout the process of disaster management.
Efforts are being made to make common man understand the basic needs of people with
disabilities and also provide learning skills to handle their requirements. In a recent
dialogue between disability and mainstream disaster management groups, strong lobbying, and
government recognition, can lead to positive examples such as the opportunities given to a
relief organization to commence projects addressing relief for people with disabilities during
the Asian Tsunami and the Myanmar cyclone. A participant shared positive examples of efforts
in India to raise awareness of the needs of people with disabilities within communities and
disaster management personnel through a workshop on inclusive disaster risk reduction:
2
The Sphere handbook is currently undergoing revision.
16
sensitization workshop the [training manual] (Delhi Disaster Management Authority,
n.d.) as well as the invitation were in Braille. The project also brought out Braille book
on Search & Rescue techniques and First Aid measures required during disasters for
people who are blind to be able to familiarize themselves with the concepts.
Similarly, after the war in Lebanon in 2006, some NGOs have undertaken initiatives to
promote inclusion and accessibility in recovery efforts. The cluster approach is being initialized
in several countries e.g. Afghanistan and it represents an important entry point to incorporate
disability into mainstream efforts. To realize this, participants suggested that the next step
would be to ensure that the various governments get involved and the appropriate ministries
are given the chance to participate.
Participants felt that the disability community has to work towards demystifying
disability, providing technical guidance on appropriate measures to address different
disabilities, and demonstrating the feasibility of inclusive disaster management through
practical solutions. Effective mapping of the needs, vulnerabilities, and capacities of people
with disabilities at the onset is essential in designing appropriate inclusive programs and
avoiding gaps in services at a later stage. For example, an organization’s training manuals in
India and Nepal suggest that responders and DRR personnel be trained to assign people with
disabilities into four main groups - visual, hearing and/or speech, intellectual and mental
impairment, or physical impairment – without the need to understand extensive medical details
(B. Schranz, personal communication, December 9, 2008). On the basis of this categorization
they can identify and respond to their disaster related needs, vulnerabilities, and capacities
through all stages of the process, such as “vulnerability and capacity assessments, early
warning systems, search, rescue and evacuation, and shelter management.”
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2.6 The Twin Track Approach
People with disabilities are not a homogeneous group and different individuals may
have very differentiated needs during a disaster, emergency, or conflict. The vulnerability of
persons with disabilities could be decreased significantly, and their capacity to cope increased,
by systematically providing them access to the general services of actors working in disaster
management. However, as a participant articulated, mainstream services in itself may be
inadequate to fully address the needs of individuals with disabilities as they may
simultaneously “need to be empowered through specialized services (physical rehabilitation;
psycho-social support; support services such care takers, sign language interpreters; etc.)” to
fully benefit from mainstream services.
A “twin track approach” can get individuals appropriate access to both mainstream and
specialized services through effective networking and coordination between the mainstream
actors and disability service providers. This further advances the importance of stronger
working relationships between disaster management and disability focused groups and the
need for mainstream organizations to learn the “stakeholder landscape of specialist service
providers” in the area, their roles, and areas of expertise. Technical support and assistance from
disability groups can also serve to educate disaster management personnel in effective disability
mainstreaming through practice. Thus inclusive disaster management should not be limited to
access to general service, but also provide a common channel to access any necessary
specialized disability services as well.
2.7 Converting policy into practice
Participants acknowledged that there was increasing awareness about the need for
inclusive emergency management due to several awareness programs, lessons documented,
18
disability conferences, training and education in recent years, although these are scattered,
wide-ranging, and have not been synthesized. Some countries have changed policies to ensure
that people with disabilities are not excluded during disasters and emergencies, e.g. the Stafford
Act in the United States, which regulates governmental emergency policy, was updated to
reflect the needs of individuals with disabilities and their families in case management. But
there were significant concerns that even when disability is included in disaster management
policies and planning, there is a severe lack of implementation and know-how to translate
policy into effective practice. As noted by a participant, “it is certainly how these policies are
put to work what determines the success or the failure of many of these well-intended efforts.”
A participant shared:
For example, in Maryland (USA) many resources have been brought together with the
purpose of creating inclusive planning at the State and local levels, by creating
disability-specific annexes to current emergency operations planning. But how these
annexes translate into practice remains to be seen.
Another contribution emphasizes the gap between developing inclusive policies and
preparing for real time implementation:
Schools in California must all conform with Standard Emergency Management Plans.
Those who take these seriously and practice regular drills also practice with students
and staff with disabilities. HOWEVER, it seems that more often than not, when special
measures are needed they are "mentioned" but direct practice is often avoided due to the
inconvenience involved. Existing plans do not seem to include any provisions for what
happens during a school-commute-time earthquake when tens of thousands of children
with disabilities will be in the care of bus drivers who a) don't have their emergency
19
contact information b) don't have any information on their life support systems and
medications c) don't have a plan for where they will take the children (although the
nearest Jr High or High School would be an obvious choice if the plan is extended this
far) d) schools don't have a 'reception plan' to accept incoming students stranded in the
vicinity. So the child protection gaps are huge.
2.8 Individuals with disabilities from gender, race, and ethnicity based minority
groups
People with disabilities who also belong to other minority groups based on gender, race,
or ethnicity may face added disadvantages in having their needs met in a disaster situation. For
example, women with disabilities face even greater stigma and discrimination in societies
which view women as subordinate to men, as they are considered incapable of even fulfilling
traditional roles. However, some respondents felt that it is counterproductive to design disaster
management efforts solely on the basis of different labels. Instead, the disaster management
community should move towards more meaningful categories that look at the supports needed
by different individuals such as “communication supports, transportation supports, daily living
supports.” A broader view towards practices inclusive of all needs would ensure that response
and service delivery is not fragmented but mindful of all sources of vulnerability. Participants
suggested that the first stage should be effective consultations: for example a large international
DPO conducts workshops on women with disabilities in the Middle East to understand their
unique challenges.
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2.9 Violence and Conflict
Many regions of the world are afflicted with ongoing internal and external violence and
conflict situations. People with disabilities face heightened vulnerability in conflict situations
which may also cause severe psychological and physical trauma to the affected population.
Disasters and growing inequities arising from climate change are significant risk factors to the
outbreak of violence and increasing conflict in communities. For example, as described by a
participant, water scarcity which has already resulted in conflict among people will exacerbate
due to climate change potentially causing serious conflicts. People with disabilities also face
unique challenges in post-conflict situations which are aggravated by their invisibility in post-
conflict policies and practices.
Additionally, disaster and conflict situations may often lead to violence which could
have terrible consequences for people with disabilities as described below:
This may cause a highly insecure environment, where persons with disability are
particularly at risk of all forms of abuse (torture, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, etc.).
The changed environment may also considerably decrease their level of autonomy and
their usual protection mechanisms. Women and children with disabilities are
particularly vulnerable, with people with visual, intellectual and mental impairments
possibly amongst the most vulnerable ones. For instance, an aggressor might consider
persons who cannot see an easy prey, as they might not be able to identify the aggressor.
Reports of persons with intellectual or mental impairments might not be paid attention
to (as they might be considered “crazy”), etc., so they are again an easy prey. But also,
persons with disabilities may have difficulties to have their agression aknowledged and
still face problems to effectively have access to justice to file a case against the violator.
21
He also offered some suggestions to enhance protection:
1.
Orient relief staff and volunteers (in camps, shelters, etc.) about this risk and on ways to
minimise it.
2.
Try to place or reunite people with disabilities with their carers or family as fast as
possible.
3.
If carers or family are not available, try to ensure there are volunteers or staff to provide
extra security. In particular, have female volunteers / female task force members
provide assistance to females with disabilities.
4.
Make sure there are mechanisms to check on security of people with disabilities, as well
as other vulnerable groups.
5.
Ensure Watsan etc. facilities are well lit at night.
6.
Promote effective access to justice for persons with disabilities: in this sense, the CRPD is
a strong potential instrument. Particularly important in this sense is Article 13, aiming at
ensuring access to justice on an equal basis with others (still widely refused as persons
with disabilities still often seen as objects of charity rather than subjects of law). This will
contribute to decrease persons with disabilities’ vulnerability towards all form of abuses.
7.
Other CRPD articles are further supportive in creating an environment where protection
and safety of persons with disabilities is ensured: Article 11, which generally addresses
situations of risk and humanitarian emergencies, where States have to take all necessary
measures to ensure protection and safety of persons with disabilities, Articles 15
(freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment), 16
(freedom from exploitation, violence and abuse) and 17 (protecting the integrity of the
person).
22
8.
DRR activities should provide identified people with disabilities with knowledge about
their rights to have access to services on an equal basis with others and their right to
safety and protection (useful even if a State has not ratified the CRPD, because other
international general legal frameworks also apply to persons with disabilities. It’s also
useful to look for related regulations in domestic law.)
2.10 Building capacity of low and middle income countries
Low and middle income countries frequently face limited capacities, infrastructure, and
resources for effectively addressing and incorporating best practices in inclusive disaster
management. Despite these challenges, it is crucial that people with disabilities are not excluded
from disaster preparedness, response, relief, and reconstruction. The main challenges faced by
governments in addressing disability issues were listed as:
a.
lack of financial resources
b.
lack of knowledge, problem solving and on-site advocates on disability issues
c.
lack of international guidance, through the international coordination
mechanisms (clusters) and donor priorities
A respondent pointed out that almost all of the quality initiatives and resources on
inclusive DRR are from the developed world and very few are suitable or replicable for
developing countries. Additionally, people with disabilities in the rural areas in low and middle
income countries face greater isolation, and may have different needs from those in urban
settings.
Governments in low and middle income countries need practical, cost-effective, realistic
and relevant examples from the developing world. Mirroring the general arguments above, the
demystification of disability would get more actors involved in trying to design workable
23
approaches based on the resources and constraints in their region. A respondent highlighted the
role that pilot projects could play in testing different ideas and offering a safe platform for
different organizations to enter the field. Working in partnership with governments
(particularly education departments) from the start was advocated as an effective evidence-
based strategy. Disability related organizations can work together with governments to identify
what resources are available and how they could be practically built upon. Education
departments have the advantage of the scale at which they operate, as the respondent
described:
Working with persons with disabilities in a single village or community can give rise to
good individual examples, but when you can show that your DRR project can be
implemented in every special needs school in a province- government officials at the
national level seem to take a bit more notice.
The absence of professionals in inclusive disaster management, especially at the policy
and planning levels, is another challenge for these countries. Respondents suggested different
approaches to improve the awareness and knowledge on the needs of people with disabilities in
disaster, emergency, and conflict situations and build governmental capacity, such as:
a.
Making capacity building and awareness initiatives an integral part of aid packages to
these countries
b.
Considering the needs of people with disabilities at the design stage to avoid additional
costs during response
c.
Direct involvement of experts with disabilities and disability related organizations in
training and awareness raising programs for government officials.
24
A respondent noted that in countries where disability is not considered adequately in
national policies and even the day-to-day accessibility needs of people with disabilities are
neglected, an effective strategy would be to work directly with local government units. He
documented the following steps his organization plans on taking to this effect in Guyana:
1.
Work with Neighborhood Democratic Councils (the smallest government unit)
to develop a register of people with disabilities in the villages. We found out
recently that in the regions and far-flung villages, a good source of information
on the location of people with disabilities are the Post Offices; it's not even the
health center but the post offices! This list can now be made available to first-
responders during an emergency.
2.
Sensitization for first-responders on dealing with persons with disabilities. This
can be easier to facilitate by going through the local ministry representatives in
charge of Home Affairs and incorporating it into the training curricula for police
and fire officers.
Another participant shared the three-pronged capacity building approach practiced by her
organization:
A.
Family Support: Families need to work and complement the work of
rehabilitation centres, but to do so, families must be provided with relevant
knowledge and know-how. [The organization] plans to regularly visit families at
their homes as well arrange for focus groups sessions in the villages so as to help
families cope with their children’s’ cases in a better way.
B.
Program Development: Work with specialists to develop more tailored and
relevant programs for both the therapy and education of [people with
25
disabilities]. These programs will be tried out and assessed in our safe incubator,
on the hope that it will be developed to become later the seed to national
programs targeting the People with disabilities and youth at all ‘extended’
schools. [The organization] will also aim to share programs, information and
experience with regional and international centers and agencies working with
[people with disabilities].
C.
Assessment and follow up: The essence of this program is to enhance
diagnostic tools and follow up on each case. A specialized committee will be
selected from professionals who will meet every week and discuss children’s
cases and recommend a comprehensive course of action for each case. On the
second phase, each case will be followed up closely and its progress assessed and
rectified frequently.
2.11 Examples of training efforts for different stakeholder groups
The e-discussion participants provided the following examples on training efforts to
substantially improve disaster and emergency response for people with disabilities and their
families:
1. An organization translated and adapted the Living and lasting on shaky ground: An
earthquake preparedness guide for people with disabilities for use in Turkey, and separated into four
smaller publications targeted towards different disabilities. The target audience included adults
and youth with disabilities and parents and caregivers of children with disabilities and outreach
was conducted through organizations, schools, and institutions. In addition the organization
produced a series of twelve public service announcement videos (also released on a CD-ROM)
highlighting a wide variety of disability-related disaster preparedness issues (especially around
26
earthquakes) and with an emphasis on risk reduction. They trained basic disaster awareness
instructors with visual and hearing impairments to work DPOs.
2. After the Kocaeli earthquake in Turkey, a school for the deaf destroyed was
reconstructed with aid from an international faith-based organization. A disaster preparedness
and educational enrichment program was developed for the students. Additionally, the faith-
based organization brought in four groups of adult volunteers who were deaf to work with the
students and the teachers, creating a significant positive impact on communication between
teachers, students, and families, and consequently on education for people who are deaf in the
country. This was the first opportunity for local students to interact with and learn about
people who are deaf from other countries. Additionally by inviting parents, teachers, and
school authorities to an earthquake preparedness educational session with the presence of a
professional interpreter, they could see the benefits by providing alternate presentation formats
first-hand.
3. An organization in India carried out a school safety program for earthquake and fire
incidents for children with visual and hearing impairments in a local school in a region highly
vulnerable to earthquakes. The children and the teachers were trained on quick evacuation,
search and rescue and first aid.
27
III. BASIC NECESSITIES AND POVERTY REDUCTION
Climate change can seriously affect agricultural productivity due to changes in rainfall
pattern, natural disasters such as droughts or floods, and risks to bird and animal populations
(IPCC, 2007). It can have similar consequences for access to clean and safe drinking water due to
a significant impact on water cycles, allocation, and availability (The World Bank, 2009b).
Resulting forced migration, or loss of working land, can threaten thousands of livelihoods and
destabilize many ongoing poverty reduction efforts (Brown, 2008; IPCC). Marginalized and
poor communities face the most adverse impacts in such situations, and it is essential that we
discuss efforts to address these challenges. The following themes emerged during discussion on
these topics.
3.1 Food scarcity, water shortages, and other resource limitations due to climate
change
The effects of climate change in the availability of safe and adequate essential resources
are already being felt acutely in some countries. A respondent described the increasing cycles of
drought in Afghanistan and its severe impact on food and water resources in the country,
which adds to the challenges imposed by escalating insecurity in many parts of the country.
Food scarcity is already a critical problem in the country and as the drought effects are
becoming worse the farmers trying to put more land in cultivation, resulting in greater
land erosion, and the lack of anti-erosion measures might deplete the resources further.
More and more trees are being cut for fire wood for the poor people and even root
systems are removed and used for fire wood. This will affect the irrigation and more
water will run-off quickly increasing the likelihood of flooding in the valleys and
therefore the vulnerable people like people with disabilities, women and children will be
28
in potential grave danger. There will be less irrigation potential as water has no time to
infiltrate and being released slowly creates further hardship and when resources are
getting scarce then again the poor, the vulnerable will suffer more. Water is a priority
but getting safe water at present in Afghanistan is becoming more of a problem and
luxury because of the drought conditions. The sanitation is not very good either and the
hygiene education is only possible with the delivery of water and sanitation. Again the
vulnerable people will have the greater problems with dealing with all the negative
issues related to poverty and accessibility to the basics.
Such experiences will become more common as changing weather patterns result in
greater disruptions to existing food and water sources. While public health and emergency
planning officials have worked on planning for food, water, and other resource scarcities for
some time, they have not addressed the needs of individuals with disabilities; while needs will
be similar in terms of food and water, integration of the disability perspective is still missing in
the process. As the first step, public and private stakeholders should include people with
disabilities in the adaptation and mitigation planning. A participant suggested that dedicated
accessible grain banks and water harvesting tanks would help in tackling food and water
distribution. Water collection points must be accessible, safe, and easy to operate for people
with disabilities along with provision of appropriate water collection containers.
3.2 Migration and loss of livelihoods
Disability is almost unmentioned in existing publications related to forced migration
and climate change. While we can estimate the manner in which people with disabilities will be
affected by migration, there is a lack of documented experiences that can lead to specific
solutions. It is commonly observed that heads of households migrate first to look for economic
29
opportunities elsewhere. A majority of heads are men, who leave behind women, children, and
older adults. Increasingly, women are also leaving their families to obtain sustainable sources of
income. Many individuals with disabilities may themselves by unable to migrate for economic
self-sufficiency due to inaccessible transportation and other infrastructure.
Occupations relying on natural resources and weather patterns are most likely to be
directly impacted by climate change. Taking the example of agriculture, a respondent noted that
the needs of people with disabilities may be ignored in development programs aimed at
providing climate change support systems for farmers. In such cases it is important to build
inclusive programs using existing evidence on the barriers that people with congenital and
acquired disabilities face in participating in agricultural occupations. Barriers could include
access to land and finance, education and technical training, and insufficient technology transfer
and adaptive tools and technology.
Another suggestion was to reduce dependence on such occupations, through training in
alternate livelihood skills that will allow people with disabilities to engage in productive labor if
they are forced to migrate to other regions. In general, it is important to provide people with the
means to achieve independence in their daily lives and in their work, and provide them with
adequate education, training, and accessible environments.
3.3 Impact on inclusive development and poverty reduction efforts
Several respondents felt that increasing scarcity of resources would consequently
increase the inequities experienced by people with disabilities. Individuals with disabilities are
generally excluded from most development decisions, and this trend is expected to exacerbate
due to the need to take frequent and varied development decisions to adapt to climate change
impacts. There is a shared concern that with shortage of local resources and income loss, the
30
strongest will pull away all the available resources. Promoting the availability of culturally
appropriate small loan programs for people with disabilities, especially at the rural level, could
be one way of ensuring sustainable development offsetting the negative effects of climate
change on poverty reduction.
31
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
4.1 Summarizing the e-discussion
The e-discussion on the impact of climate change on people with disabilities sparked
dialogue and discussion on the readiness of existing systems to mitigate or cope with the effects
of climate change in disasters, emergencies, and conflict, resource scarcity, and development
efforts. Participants provided examples of barriers to inclusion, good practices to meet the needs
of individuals with disabilities, and recommendations to minimize adverse consequences in the
future. In general, experiences around the world show that people with disabilities face
disproportionate disadvantages in situations of risk and/or resource scarcity and their needs
are not addressed adequately by preparedness and response efforts.
Many responders noted that while some progress has been made, there is a lot more that
needs to be done. Disaster response and recovery efforts continue to exclude people with
disabilities or be hampered by poor accessibility in evacuation, sheltering, and aid efforts.
Although some governments, first responders, and aid organizations have implemented
policies and practices for inclusive disaster contributors, felt that there is a lack of consistency
and very little 'best practice.' Instead of considering the needs of people with disabilities as
“special” and hence separate, they need access to mainstream development actors and
programs. This also necessitates fighting the entrenched belief in the disaster management
community that it is not possible to mainstream disability in DRR, because of the complexity of
technical aspects involved. The disability community can break down these beliefs by offering
training and practical examples to meet the needs of people with disabilities, along with
advocacy and awareness-raising. Networking and coordination between these sectors must be
promoted and encouraged. A twin track approach can get individuals appropriate access to
32
both mainstream and specialized services through effective networking and coordination
between the mainstream development actors and disability service providers. Preparedness and
prior planning, adapted and appropriate to local culture and needs, is very important to ensure
the inclusion of persons with disabilities in disaster management. There is a trend today to look
at disaster risk management as a topic to be mainstreamed in development strategies - then
there is a need to strengthen inclusion of disabilities in development including DRR practices.
Additionally, most existing guidelines and case studies come from the developed world
and may not transfer well to low and middle income countries, with different capacities,
cultures, and local contexts. There is a need to (a) develop systems and initiatives that use
available resources and are adapted to the local needs in developing countries, and (b) share
these examples and good practices with other countries with similar resource limitations. E-
discussion participants used this opportunity to share some experiences from their own work in
different countries. Many developing country governments may hesitate to undertake
initiatives for inclusion fearing exorbitant costs; however respondents observed that by
systematically including the needs of people with disabilities in programs right from the start
and in all planning efforts, additional costs incurred are minimal.
Initiatives to mitigate or cope with effects of other climate-induced shortages, such as in
food and water supply, must be designed in an inclusive and accessible way for all. This
includes ensuring inclusion and full access to climate change-linked programs such as those
working to retrain communities in alternate livelihood skills to reduce dependency on natural
resources and weather patterns. Such skills help reduce poverty by ensuring sustainable
livelihoods and may reduce the likelihood of migration and further strain on resources.
33
4.2 Recommendations for future actions
Participants offered several key recommendations to ensure the inclusion of people with
disabilities in future actions and cope with the adverse impacts of climate change:
Include and involve people with disabilities during the planning, preparedness,
and implementation stages of disaster management
Empower people with disabilities to take control of personal emergency
preparedness for themselves and their families
Focus on prevention and mitigation strategies to reduce adverse impacts of
climate change
Build strategic alliances between people with disabilities, DPOs, experts on
inclusive disaster preparedness and mainstream DRR organizations including
UN and other international inter-agency initiatives
Develop pilot projects in low and middle income countries to demonstrate the
feasibility of inclusive disaster management solutions
Promote disability as a cross-cutting issue impacting all groups and sectors
Build/identify accessible food and water distribution centers
Ensure inclusion in all climate-change related programs such as retraining for
alternate livelihood skills
Ensure that disaster risk reduction methodologies and tools for scaling-up
purposes, in particular for risk assessment and monitoring and early warning
systems are accessible and inclusive
Integrate inclusion as a requirement in international development donor funded
programs
34
Include disability issues in the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) – the ‘Road to Copenhagen’ work plan 2009
Clearly identify representative groups contributing to the negotiating process
and include persons with disabilities in the civil society actors contributing to the
review process
New treaties under the UNFCCC umbrella should ensure that action taken in the
context of adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer are in compliance with
ALL existing human rights frameworks, including the Convention on the Rights
of Persons with Disabilities
Increase funding to assess changing hazards, vulnerabilities, risk and capacities
to provide national and community baselines and priorities for intervention
4.3 Final remarks
Climate change is a universal issue whose impacts will be felt by a much larger
population than just people with disabilities. Existing inequities and disparities will
unfortunately skew the adverse impacts towards the most poor and marginalized sections of
society. People with disabilities will be amongst the worst affected. However, rather than seeing
this as insurmountable, we must take advantage of this through engagement with wider society
– with education, information and advocacy as key components of this strategy. There are
several ongoing efforts to raise awareness about the seriousness of climate change as a
development issue. By raising the importance of including the needs of people with disabilities
in such efforts and building alliances with mainstream groups, we can play a significant role in
shaping policy, practice, and systems to be truly inclusive and responsive to the needs of all
persons.
35
REFERENCES
Brown, O. (2008). Migration and climate change [No. 31]. IOM Migration Research Series.
Retrieved July 8, 2009, from Center for International Rehabilitation. (2005). International Disability Rights Monitor:
Disability and early Tsunami relief efforts in India, Indonesia and Thailand. Retrieved
July 7, 2009, from Cheausuwantavee, T. (2007). Beyond community based rehabilitation: Consciousness and
meaning. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal, 18(1), 101-109.
Delhi Disaster Management Authority. (n.d.). Workshop on integrating disability issues in
disaster risk reduction. On file with author.
Eide, A.H. & Kamaleri, Y. (2009). Living Condition among People with Activity Limitation in
Mozambique: A National Representative Study. SINTEF. Retrieved May 21, 2009 from
web site: Fox, M.H., White, G.W., Rooney, C., & Rowland, J. (2007). Disaster Preparedness and Response
for Persons with Mobility Impairments: Results from the University of Kansas Nobody
Left Behind Project. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 17(4), 196-205.
Handicap International & the Christian Blind Mission. (2006). Disability in development:
Experiences in inclusive practices. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from Hans, A., & Mohanty, R. (2006). Disasters, disability and technology. Development, 49(4), 119-
122.
Hartnett, J., Mendelsohn, S., & Morris, M. (2008). Disability and economic inclusion: Democratic
principles and promises. In Building a better economic future: A progress report for
individuals with disabilities and their families in America. Manchester, NH: Community
Economic Development Press.
Hoogevan, J.G. (2005). Measuring welfare for small but vulnerable groups: Poverty and
disability in Uganda. Journal of African Economies, 14(4), 603-631.
Inter-Agency Standing Committee. (2007, November). Inter-agency contingency planning
guidelines for humanitarian assistance. Retrieved July 7, 2009, from
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.
An assessment of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Retrieved October 24,
2008, from Loeb, M.E., & Eide, A.H. (2004). Living condition among people with disabilities in Malawi: A
national representative study. SINTEF Health Research.
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McClain-Nhlapo, C. (2006). Training on Inclusive Development. Retrieved February 14, 2008,
McMichael, A.J., Campbell-Lendrum, D.H., Corvalán, C.F., Ebi, K.L., Githeko, A.K., Scheraga,
J.D., & Woodward, A. (2003). Climate change and human health: Risks and responses. World
Health Organization. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from
Morrow, B.H. (1999). Identifying and mapping community vulnerability. Disasters, 23(1), 1-18.
National Council on Disability. (2006). The impact of hurricanes Katrina and Rita on people with
disabilities: A look back and remaining challenges. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from
Nobody Left Behind: Disaster Preparedness for Persons with Mobility Impairments. (2007).
Retrieved July 7, 2009, from Priestley, M. and Hemingway, L. (2007). Disability and disaster recovery: a tale of two cities?
Journal of Social Work in Disability & Rehabilitation, 5 (3-4), 23-42.
Sherr, M. E., & Blumhardt, F. C. (2002). Rural elderly women: Application of human behavior
theory and issues for social work education. Journal of Human Behavior and the Social
Environment, 6(4), 48-64.
United Nations Development Program (2007). Human Development Report 2007/2008 -
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education/children-with-disabilities/
United States Census Bureau. (2008, May 27). Facts for features - Americans with Disabilities
Act: July 26. Retrieved May 9, 2009. http://www.census.gov/Press-
Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/011953.html
United States Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2009). Individuals with special needs:
Preparing and planning. Retrieved July 7, 2009, from
Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. (2008, June). Disabilities among refugees
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The World Bank. (2006). Managing climate risk: Integrating adaptation into World Bank Group
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The World Bank. (2009a). World Development Report 2010. The Context: Development and
climate change. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from
37
The World Bank. (2009b). Water and climate change. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from
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World Bank income groups. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
38
APPENDIX A: BIBLIOGRAPHY COMPILED FROM E-DISCUSSION
RESOURCES
Ableism and anti-environmentalism: Rights for Nature? Retrieved July 8, 2009, from
Arreola-Risa, C., Mock, C.N., Lojero-Wheatky, L., de la Cruz, O., Garcia, C., Canavati-Ayub, F.,
& Jurkovich, G.J. (2000). The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 48(1),
119-123.
Bonn Declaration on Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Emergency Situations.
Retrieved July 8, 2009, from Delhi Disaster Management Authority, Government of NCT of Delhi. Workshop on integrating
disability issues in disaster risk reduction.
DRRlibrary. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from Gender and Disaster Network. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from Global Network of Civil Society Organisations for Disaster Reduction. (2009). Retrieved July 8,
Inter-Agency Standing Committee. (2001). Inter-Agency contingency planning guidelines for
humanitarian assistance. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from
Inter-Agency Standing Committee. (2009). Retrieved July 8, 2009, from
Integrated Disaster & Emergency Health Services. Emergency and disaster preparedness for
individuals with disabilities. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2007). World Disasters Report
2007: Focus on Discrimination. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from
Kailes, J. (2008). Southern California wildfires after action report. Prepared in partnership with the
Access to Readiness Coalition, The California Foundation for Independent Living
Centers, and The Center for Disability Issues and the Health Professions at Western
University of Health Sciences.
39
Kailes, JI. (2008). Disaster Resources for People with Disabilities, Disability-related
Organizations and Emergency Managers. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from
Naidu, E., Haffejee, S., Vetten, L., & Hargreaves, S. (2005, April). On the margins: Violence
against women with disabilities. Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation.
Retrieved July 8, 2009, from Rehabilitation International. (2006). Retrieved July 8, 2009, from Rehabilitation International. (2008). Statement from delegates at the RI World Congress Quebec,
Canada, 27 August 2008.
Singh, P. (2007). Impact of the South Asian Earthquake on Disabled People in the State of
Jammu and Kashmir. The Review of Disability Studies: An International Journal, 3(3).
Suka, A. (2006). Violence against girls who are blind and visually impaired in schools in
Malawi. Paper presented at the 2th International Council on Education for People with
Visual Impairment (ICEVI) World Conference, Malaysia, 16-21 July 2006.
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40
Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. (2008). Disabilities Among Refugees
and Conflict-Affected Populations: Resource Kit for Fieldworkers. Retrieved July 8, 2009,
from 
41
APPENDIX B: MAINSTREAM POLICIES, REPORTS, INITIATIVES THAT
FAIL TO COVER THE NEEDS OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES
This list was compiled from comments made by E-Discussion participants about mainstream
resources that either fail to mention the needs of people with disabilities or mention them only
briefly without any specifics.
Inter-Agency Network on Education in Emergencies. (2004, November). Minimum standards
for education in emergencies, chronic crises and early reconstruction - A commitment to
access, quality and accountability. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from
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Response [2004 Revised Edition]. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from
The 2nd UN World Water Development Report: 'Water, a shared responsibility.' (2006).
UNESCO. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from
42
APPENDIX C: E-DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DISABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT (GPDD)
E-discussion: The Impact of Climate Change on People with Disabilities
Introduction: How does climate change affect people with disabilities?
Climate change can result in grave consequences for human well-being, development, and
security through increased exposure to severe weather conditions such as floods and droughts
that will directly aggravate the risks of illness and disease, inadequate drinking water and food
scarcity, loss of livelihoods, migration, violence, and conflict (United Nations Development
Program, 2007). Climate change will disproportionately impact vulnerable and marginalized
groups, including the poorest populations in low- and middle-income countries, and threaten
the effectiveness and success of development and poverty-reduction efforts. Additionally,
resource scarcity may intensify existing inequalities and cause greater fissures between
communities and a rise in violence and conflict. Existing inequalities may also exacerbate
individuals’ vulnerability to the negative effects of climate change (Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, 2007).
While different populations may face similar risks of exposure to the negative effects of climate
change, their actual vulnerability is dependent on their socio-economic conditions and capacity
to withstand the challenges. Marginalized groups, such as women and those living in poverty,
face heightened challenges in coping with disasters, resource-scarcity, and conflict (The
Women’s Environment and Development Organization, 2008).
People with disabilities constitute a significant proportion of the poorest of the poor in the
world and face unequal access to education, health care, employment, assets, and opportunities
for social and community participation. They are disproportionately affected in disaster,
emergency, and conflict situations due to the lack of accessibility in evacuation, response, and
recovery efforts, and exclusion of disability issues from planning and preparedness.
Furthermore, food and drinking water scarcity will increase malnutrition rates and poor health
conditions that lead to a greater risk of acquiring a health-related disability.
People with disabilities and their families need adaptation and coping strategies and robust
systems and mechanisms that can minimize the harmful effects of climate change, and promote
sustainable access to basic necessities, secure livelihoods, health care, and social and civic
participation.
43
References:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.
An assessment of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Retrieved October 24,
2008, from The Women’s Environment and Development Organization. (2008). Gender, climate change and
human security: Lessons from Bangladesh, Ghana and Senegal. Retrieved October 24,
2008, from
http://www.wedo.org/files/HSN%20Study%20Final%20May%2020,%202008.pdf
United Nations Development Program (2007). Human Development Report 2007/2008 -
Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world. Retrieved October 24,
2008 from
Day 1 - Progress & Improvements in inclusive disaster/emergency management practices
Following disasters and emergency situations, such as the Asian Tsunami and Hurricane
Katrina, efforts were made to highlight the needs of people with disabilities at all stages of the
disaster preparedness and response process (such as the World Bank E-discussion on Disaster
and Disability in 2006) and share knowledge on best practices and strategies to ensure that
people with disabilities are involved in emergency preparedness and planning, and that
response and recovery efforts address their needs.
However we need to assess whether lessons learned were systematically and successfully
applied to more recent disasters and understand and highlight the barriers and challenges that
continue to exist in our communities. In an effort to learn from each other’s experiences, today
we will focus on the following themes:
1.
What progress has been made in disaster preparedness and response efforts to
ensure that people with disabilities are not left behind during evacuation,
sheltering, and relief operations following these awareness raising efforts?
2.
What policies and practices have governments, first responders, and aid
organizations implemented for inclusive disaster and emergency response and
relief?
3.
What are the main barriers and obstacles to continued lack of efforts in addressing
the needs of people with disabilities in disaster/emergency management?
4.
Have recovery efforts in recent disasters addressed the need for inclusion and
accessibility?
44
5.
How do we effectively address the heightened vulnerability of people with
disabilities who also belong to other minority and marginalized groups such as
women and ethnic minorities?
Day 2 – Practical strategies and best practices in inclusive disaster management & addressing
inadequate capacity in low and middle income countries
Topic 1 - Practical strategies and best practices in preparedness, evacuation, response, and
recovery efforts
Continuing from yesterday's discussion we encourage participants to share their knowledge of
preparedness efforts that we can substantially improve disaster and emergency response for
people with disabilities and their families.
1.
Share knowledge and information about training efforts for different stakeholder
groups including people with disabilities and their families
2.
How can people with disabilities and their families overcome the challenges on
inaccessibility in transportation and evacuation and sheltering?
Topic 2 - Challenges encountered by mid and low-income countries in effectively
addressing the needs of people with disabilities in disaster/emergency/conflict situations
As we talk about practical strategies and best practices, we cannot ignore realities about
existing capacities, infrastructure, and resources in low and middle income countries for
effectively addressing and incorporating best practices in inclusive disaster management.
Despite these challenges, it is crucial that people with disabilities are not excluded from disaster
preparedness, response, and relief. How do we advance inclusive disaster management in these
regions and build the capacity of governments and civil society?
1.
What are the main challenges facing poorer nations in adequately addressing the
needs of people with disabilities in disaster/emergency/conflict situations?
2.
How can we build the capacity of low- and middle-income countries to address the
needs of people with disabilities in disaster preparedness, relief, and recovery
operations? Share examples, case studies, and best practices.
Day 3 – Violence and Conflict with strategies for mainstreaming disability in disaster
reduction
Topic 1 - Violence and Conflict
Many regions of the world are afflicted with ongoing internal and external violence and conflict
situations. People with disabilities face heightened vulnerability in conflict situations which
may also cause severe psychological and physical trauma to the affected population. Disasters
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and growing inequities arising from climate change are significant risk factors to the outbreak
of violence and increasing conflict in communities. People with disabilities also face unique
challenges in post-conflict situations which is aggravated by their invisibility in post-conflict
policies and practices.
1.
What are the unique challenges that people with disabilities, their families, and
caregivers face in situations marked by ethnic and other violence, conflict, and
wars?
2.
What prevention and mitigation measures can be implemented to reduce the
vulnerability of people with disabilities, families, and caregivers in conflict
situations?
3.
How can communities adapt to cope with the possibility of conflict and violence
arising due to climate change?
Topic 2 - Mainstreaming disability in disaster reduction
We have focused our discussion so far on the unique challenges that people with disabilities
face in disaster, emergency, and conflict management. However one of the key solutions to
effective disaster management is the inclusion of disability in all disaster management policies,
practices, and initiatives. There are several mainstream initiatives that are diligently focusing on
the impending effects of climate change and methods for disaster reduction. What measures can
the disability community take to advocate the mainstreaming on disability in disaster reduction
programs and initiatives, such as the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery?
Day 4: Basic necessities and poverty reduction
Today we continue our ongoing discussions, while also addressing the effects of climate change
on basic necessities, the availability of nutritious food and safe drinking water, the threat to
sustainable livelihoods for people with disabilities, and the impact on poverty-reduction efforts.
Climate change can seriously affect agricultural productivity through changing rainfall
patterns, natural disasters such as droughts or floods, and risks to bird and animal populations.
It can have similar consequences for access to clean and safe drinking water. Resulting
migration, or loss of working land, can threaten thousands of livelihoods and destabilize
ongoing poverty reduction efforts. Marginalized and poor communities face the most adverse
impacts in such situations, and it is essential that we discuss efforts to address these challenges.
1.
How can public and private stakeholders address the negative effects of food
scarcity, water shortages, and other resource limitations on people with
disabilities?
2.
What practices could aid in reducing the threats of migration and loss of
sustainable livelihoods?
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3.
How does climate change affect inclusive development and poverty reduction
efforts for people with disabilities?
Day 5 - Adaptation and coping strategies to reduce the impact of disasters, emergencies, and
conflicts arising due to climate change
The Human Development Report 2007/2008 states that poor countries will face three main
challenges in implementing effective climate change adaptation strategies in development and
poverty reduction planning and policies: information, infrastructure, and insurance for social
protection. We seek to gather creative solutions on ensuring that people with disabilities are
included in climate change adaptation strategies.
1.
What strategies and actions can promote information sharing and capacity
building among governments and civil society in poor countries that are
approaching inclusive climate change adaptation plans?
2.
How can partnerships between the public and private sectors, disabled peoples’
organizations (DPOs) and larger civil society contribute towards building
accessible and sustainable infrastructure to mitigate the negative effects of
climate change?
3.
What kinds of social protection programs must be created or strengthened and
implemented to secure the lives and livelihoods of people with disabilities?
4.
What conclusions can we draw from these discussions and what concrete
recommendations can we take forward?
Document Outline
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- I. INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Need for an e-discussion on the impact of climate change on people with disabilities
- 1.2 Content and structure of the e-discussion
- II. inclusive disaster, emergency, and conflict management
- 2.1 Heightened vulnerability and the needs of people with disabilities in disasters
- 2.2 Stigma towards people with disabilities
- 2.3 Mitigation and Inclusive Preparedness
- 2.4 Continuing exclusion of disability in mainstream disaster management efforts
- 2.5 Increasing collaboration between mainstream actors and disability organizations
- 2.6 The Twin Track Approach
- 2.7 Converting policy into practice
- 2.8 Individuals with disabilities from gender, race, and ethnicity based minority groups
- 2.9 Violence and Conflict
- 2.10 Building capacity of low and middle income countries
- 2.11 Examples of training efforts for different stakeholder groups
- III. basic necessities and poverty reduction
- 3.1 Food scarcity, water shortages, and other resource limitations due to climate change
- 3.2 Migration and loss of livelihoods
- 3.3 Impact on inclusive development and poverty reduction efforts
- IV. recommendations and concluding remarks
- 4.1 Summarizing the e-discussion
- 4.2 Recommendations for future actions
- 4.3 Final remarks
- References
- Appendix A: Bibliography compiled from e-discussion resources
- appendix b: mainstream policies, reports, initiatives that fail to cover the needs of people with disabilities
- appendix c: e-discussion questions