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A Pacific Exposure Database

Phil Glassey

, David Heron

, Chris Chiesa

, Joy Papao

Steven Clegg

, Atu Kalouamaira

GNS Science, NZ

Pacific Disaster Center, Hawaii

SOPAC, Fiji

GNS Science

Pacific Hazards

• Pacific Island nations are at risk from multiple

natural hazards

– Earthquake

– Tsunami

– Volcanic eruption

– Landslide

– Cyclone

– etc

GNS Science

Pacific Vulnerability

• ADB has developed a provisional vulnerability index for

Pacific Island nations

– Population density, and other demographics

– Economic factors including growth and debt

– Other factors (cell phone use, forest cover)

Cook Islands

Tuvalu

Tonga

Fiji

Vanuatu

Papua New

Guinea

Samoa

Solomon

Islands

r
a

i
lit

GNS Science

Pacific Vulnerability

But….

• Little information on buildings and lifelines

• Little information on fragility to hazards

• Makes it difficult to understand vulnerability

• Makes modelling risk difficult

• But there is good evidence of high vulnerability

GNS Science

Pacific Vulnerability

Fiji

12% GDP

11% population

Samoa

100% GDP

42% population

Tonga

30% GDP

42% population

Vanuatu

86% GDP

16% population

Loss in worst year between 1960-2007

GNS Science

Climate Change

Climate change will only make matters worse

– Raised sea level increases vulnerability to

• Tsunami
• Storm surge from cyclones

– Changed wind patterns

• Cyclone tracks
• Ashfall from volcanic eruptions

– Cyclone frequency and intensity

• Wind damage
• Flooding
• Landslide

GNS Science

Pacific Exposure Database

• ADB TA 6496-REG Regional Partnerships for Climate

Change Adaptation and Disaster Preparedness

• Joint GNS Science, Pacific Disaster Center, SOPAC

project.

• Development of a Regional Exposure Database

– Build a database of assets
– Build a database of hazards

– earthquake and cyclones

• In parallel with World Bank project being executed by

SOPAC and others

GNS Science

Pacific Exposure Database

•

8 Pacific Island
nations – Phase 1

– Cook Islands

– Fiji

– Papua New

Guinea

– Samoa

– Solomon Islands

– Tonga

– Tuvalu

– Vanuatu

GNS Science

Cyclone

0 . 5

1 . 0

1 . 5

2 . 0

2 . 5

3 . 0

Australia

New Zealand

Fiji

New Caledonia

Vanuatu

Solomon Is

Pitcairn

Samoa

Tonga

Niue

E Kiribati

Papua New-Guinea

N Cook Is

S Cook Is

Society Is

W Kiribati

Line Is

Tuvalu

Marquesas Is

Austral Is

Marshall Is

Rawaki Is

Tokelau Is

Nauru

Caroline Is

Tuamotu Is

EQUATOR

GNS Science

Earthquake

GNS Science

Pacific Exposure Database

• Collect existing hazard data

• Extend existing asset databases (e.g. Pacific

Cities)

• Develop exposure models

Hazard

Assets

Exposure

Affected

Assets

GNS Science

Hazard
Model

Hazard
Model
Parameters

Hazard
Model
Events

Asset
Model

Asset
Attributes

Fragility
Functions

Damage
[ratio or No.]

Losses
[$, persons]

Affected

Assets

Hazard

Assets

Exposure

Loss Model

Loss Modelling

This project

GNS Science

Pacific Exposure Database

• Why?

– Data allows risk modelling to be done

• Investigate Pacific Catastrophic Risk Financing Initiative

– Reduce risk by

• avoiding hazardous areas

• avoiding vulnerable designs

– Reduce losses by

• being prepared

• responding quickly and appropriately

GNS Science

Buildings

• Location represented as point features

(“footprints” retained) – parallel project.

• Key attributes which can be used to characterize

building “fragility” include:

• use
• age
• structural type
• construction materials
• roof configuration
• number of stories
• area
• floor level

Atui – Cook Islands

GNS Science

Transportation

• Roads, bridges, airports, and seaports

• Key attributes for roads

• number of lanes,
• traffic flow (one or two way),
• road surface (sealed, unsealed, etc)

• Key attributes for Bridges

• span (length) and
• construction type
• materials

• Key attributes for Airports

• runway length
• width and
• height above sea level

Mangaia – Cook Islands

GNS Science

Underground Pipe Networks

• Pipes, reservoirs, valves and hydrants, some of

which exist above ground, or partially above
ground

• Key attributes

• construction materials

• age

• quality

• diameter.

Aitutaiki - Cook Islands

GNS Science

Power Distribution Networks/Telecom

• Key attributes:

• the size and the material

of the cables

• Substations/exchanges/

towers

• voltage

• year of installation

• relationship with other

components of the grid

Aitutaiki - Cook Islands

Honiara – Solomon Islands

GNS Science

Field Data Collection

•

Collect new information

•

Utilise pre-prepared menus, hand
held devices, satellite imagery and
other digital maps and local
counterparts

•

Data to stay in-country

GNS Science

Training and Reference Material

• Trial in Nadi run by SOPAC

using USP students – Oct 2009

• Reference materials supplied

• Preliminary PIC building

classes parameters developed

Building use

UD material

UD structure

Wall material

Storeys

House Slab Soft

concrete

Flats wooden

poles

Stiffened

timber

Shed concrete

columns

metal 3

Commercial

steel columns

fibre-cement sheet

public services

load bearing walls

brick

health services

Accommodation

etc

Etc

GNS Science

Physiographic data

• Imagery

• Topography

• Bathymetry

• Soils/Geology

GNS Science

Use of Imagery

•

Building footprints are
currently being captured
by SOPAC and country
counterparts.

•

Location of many
buildings will be known,
even if attributes about
the buildings won’t be
captured.

GNS Science

Use of Census Data

• contains some household and dwelling information

that can be used to extrapolate building attributes,
particularly in rural areas, to make basic
assumptions about the dwelling types.

• Attributes can be extrapolated from census data and

using from similar building type where attributes
have been collected by field work.

• SPC has helped many countries collect data

GNS Science

Hazard data

• Currently coarse hazard models will be used

• Will collect database of local models

– E.g. Seismic hazard Port Vila

• Historical damage/event data is important

GNS Science

GIS System

– Looking to use open source GIS

– Connect with existing country databases

GNS Science

RiskScape

• Joint venture between GNS Science and NIWA

• Funded by NZ government science budget

The Goal

• Multi-hazard Decision Support Tool for

– Risk, Planning, Emergency Response

– Cheap, Fast, Easy to use

– Multiple hazards

• Earthquake/Volcano/Tsunami/Flood/Storm

– Within a common platform

– Include costs/casualties/disruption

GNS Science

Step 1: Select an asset dataset

GNS Science

Step 4: Provide model parameters

GNS Science

Create Hazard map and overlay assets

to show exposure

Step 5: Select loss type

GNS Science

Pacific Exposure Database: Next steps

•

Start country engagement early next year with SOPAC, preceded by
letters, emails etc.

•

Data capture to follow immediately, with help from country counterparts.

•

Provisional data dates in country are:

• Cook Is

11 Feb – 2 Mar 2010

• Vanuatu

12 Mar – 31 Mar 2010

• Solomon Is

7 Apr – 29 Apr 2010

• Tonga

24 May – Jun 2010

• Samoa

8 Jun – 24 Jun 2010

• Tuvalu

24 Jun – 5 Jul 2010

• Fiji

7 Jul – 26 Jul 2010

• Papua New Guinea

19 Aug – 8 Sep 2010

•

Establish databases in each country – identify where and how to share

•

Regional server in SOPAC

•

Training

GNS Science

Pacific Exposure Database: Summary

• Asset database

– Buildings

– Roads, bridges

– Airports, wharves

– Utilities, networks

• Asset data can be used for planning,

administration and Disaster Management/DRR

• Hazards database

• Allows exposure to be understood

• When combined with fragility allows risk to

estimated