Microsoft Word - 090608_Solomon Isl Tsunami Capacity Assessment Report_Final Edit

S O L O M O N I S L A N D S T S U N A M I C A P A C I T Y A S S E S S M E N T R E P O R T

F I N A L V 0 . 6 , M A Y 2 0 0 9

D
D

Document Control

ocument Control

Version

Date

Author

Comments

0.1

26 August 2008

C. O’Brien

Initial Draft

0.2

8 September

2008

C. O’Brien

Inclusion of Bryan Boase (Team Leader)
review comments

0.3

9 October 2008

C. O’Brien

Inclusion of Assessment Team Comments
(Shannon McNamara (AGD), Noud Leenders
(SOPAC), Colin Schulz (Communications
Contractor) plus minor edits and format
changes).

0.4

6 February 2009

C. O’Brien

Country release

0.5

17 April 2009

C. O’Brien

Country release in new format

0.6

26 May 2009

C. O’Brien

Final version including review comments
from Loti Yates (SINDMO) and editing for
publishing.

For bibliographic purposes, this document should be cited as follows:

Australian  Government  Bureau  of  Meteorology  2009,  SOPAC  Member  Countries  National
Capacity Assessment: Tsunami Warning and Mitigation Systems, Solomon Islands, Honiara, 5-8
February  2008,  research  report  prepared  by  C.  O’Brien,  Australian  Government  Bureau  of
Meteorology, Melbourne.

Acknowledgements:

The Bureau of Meteorology wishes to acknowledge the contribution of all those who participated
in the assessment workshop, particularly those who made their time available to help organise the
workshop  and  to  deliver  presentations.    The  Bureau  of  Meteorology  would  also  like  to
acknowledge  the  efforts  of  the  visiting  assessment  team  and  continued  support  from  partners
Attorney-General’s Department and  Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission and funding
body AusAID.  The Bureau would also like to acknowledge UNESCO/IOC, the WMO and ISDR
for their input into the original questionnaire on which the project was based.

Approved for release:

Branch Head, Weather Services
Branch, Australian Bureau of
Meteorology

Date: 5 June 2009

Corrections &
comments:

Cherie O'Brien
Project Manager - SOPAC Member Countries Tsunami Capacity
Assessments
Australian Bureau of Meteorology
GPO Box 1289 Melbourne VIC 3001
E-mail: c.o'brien@bom.gov.au
Phone: +61 (3) 9669 4065
Fax: +61 (3) 9669 4695

Distribution:

Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Australian Government Attorney-
General’s Department, AusAID, Solomon Islands Tsunami Capacity
Assessment Workshop Participants, Pacific Disaster Risk Management
Partnership Network

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Table of Contents

RESULTS OUTLINE.................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1.

XECUTIVE

UMMARY

......................................................................................................................... 1

1.2.

ECOMMENDATIONS

(

INCLUDING PRIORITY AND RESOURCE INTENSITY

) ........................................... 3

PROJECT BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................... 11

2.1.

BOUT THE

ROJECT

........................................................................................................................ 11

2.2.

ROAD

ROJECT

........................................................................................................................ 11

2.3.

ROJECT

UTPUT

...................................................................................................................... 11

2.4.

ROJECT

ETHODOLOGY

................................................................................................................. 11

2.5.

NDERLYING

OLICY

BJECTIVES OF THE

USTRALIAN

SUNAMI

ARNING

YSTEM

ROJECT

.. 12

2.6.

SUNAMI WARNINGS IN THE

ACIFIC

................................................................................................. 12

2.7.

NTERNATIONAL

SUNAMI

ORUMS

................................................................................................... 12

COUNTRY BACKGROUND AND THE TSUNAMI THREAT ............................................................ 14

3.1.

BOUT THE

OLOMON

SLANDS

........................................................................................................ 14

3.2.

SUNAMI

HREAT

OURCES AND

SUNAMI

ISTORY IN THE

OLOMON

SLANDS

........................... 16

THE SOLOMON ISLANDS TSUNAMI CAPACITY ASSESSMENT................................................ 18

4.1.

ATE AND

OCATION

......................................................................................................................... 18

4.2.

ISITING

SSESSMENT

EAM AND

ARTICIPANTS

............................................................................ 18

4.3.

ORKSHOP

UMMARY

...................................................................................................................... 18

4.3.1.

Day 1 (5 February 2008) ........................................................................................................... 18

4.3.2.

Day 2 (6 February 2008) ........................................................................................................... 18

4.3.3.

Day 3 (7 February 2008) ........................................................................................................... 19

4.3.4.

Day 4 (8 February 2008) (Morning only)................................................................................. 19

4.4.

ORKSHOP

HOTOS

ONIARA

EBRUARY

2008) .......................................................................... 20

ASSESSMENT RESULTS...................................................................................................................... 21

5.1.

TATUS OF

YSTEM

OMPONENTS

........................................................................................... 21

5.2.

ASE

TUDY

–

PRIL

OLOMON

SLANDS

SUNAMI

..................................................................... 29

5.3.

TRENGTHS

PPORTUNITIES FOR

MPROVEMENT AND

ECOMMENDATIONS TO

ROGRESS THE

SUNAMI

GENDA IN THE

OLOMON

SLANDS

................................................................................................ 30

5.3.1.

Governance and Coordination.................................................................................................. 30

5.3.2.

Regional and International Coordination................................................................................. 32

5.3.3.

Research Expertise .................................................................................................................... 33

5.3.4.

Tsunami Monitoring Infrastructure ........................................................................................... 34

5.3.5.

Tsunami warnings ...................................................................................................................... 35

5.3.6.

Communications ......................................................................................................................... 37

5.3.7.

Tsunami Emergency Response (including evacuation) ....................................................... 38

5.3.8.

Tsunami Hazard, Vulnerability, Risk and Mitigation .............................................................. 40

5.3.9.

Public and Stakeholder Awareness and Education............................................................... 41

5.4.

DDITIONAL

ORKSHOP

ENEFITS

.................................................................................................. 43

5.5.

EXT

TEPS

...................................................................................................................................... 43

ANNEXURE............................................................................................................................................... 44

6.1.

NNEXURE

ECORD OF

ARTICIPANTS

........................................................................................ 44

6.2.

NNEXURE

–

HE VISITING ASSESSMENT TEAM

............................................................................. 47

6.3.

NNEXURE

–

GENDA

OLOMON

SLANDS

SUNAMI

APACITY

SSESSMENT

ORKSHOP

...... 48

6.4.

NNEXURE

–

UPPORTING

OCUMENTS

............................................................................... 55

6.5.

NNEXURE

INDINGS OF THE

OLOMON

SLANDS

PRIL

2007

SUNAMI

ESSONS

EARNED

ORKSHOP

...................................................................................................................................... 58

6.6.

NNEXURE

–

EFINITIONS

............................................................................................................. 59

6.7.

NNEXURE

EFERENCES

............................................................................................................. 64

CD ATTACHMENT - SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS .......................................................................... 65

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Acronyms

AGD

Attorney – General’s Department

AFTN

Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network

Amplitude Modulated

ATWS

Australian Tsunami Warning System

AusAID

Australian Agency for International Development

Bureau

Bureau of Meteorology

Document (e.g. Document 39 = D39) as listed in Annexure 4

DFAT

Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

EMA

Emergency Management Australia

EMWIN

Emergency Managers Weather Information Network

Geoscience Australia

GTS

Global Telecommunications System

High Frequency Radio

ISDR

International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

JMA

Japanese Meteorological Agency

MMERE

Ministry of Mines, Energy and Rural Electrification

NDC

National Disaster Council

NDMO

National Disaster Management Office

NEOC

National Emergency Operations Centre

NGOs

Non-Government Organisations

PGSP

Pacific Governance Support Program

PICs

Pacific Island Countries

PTWC

Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre

RAMSI

Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands

SIBC

Solomon Islands Broadcasting Commission

SIMS

Solomon Islands Meteorological Service

SIPF

Solomon Islands Police Force

SMS

Short Message Service

SOPAC

Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission

SOPs

Standard Operations Procedures

UNESCO/IOC

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, a division of the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

USGS

United States Geological Survey

UTC

Coordinated Universal Time

WMO

World Meteorological Organisation

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P A G E 1

1. Results Outline

Results Outline

1.1.

1.1. Executive Summary

Executive Summary

The National Capacity Assessment of Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC)
Member  Countries:  Tsunami  Warning  and  Mitigation  Systems  project  aims  to  work  in
collaboration  with  the  member  countries  of  SOPAC  to  assess  their  capacity  to  receive,
communicate and respond effectively to tsunami warnings.  The Tsunami Capacity Assessment
of the ability of the Solomon Islands to receive, communicate and effectively respond to tsunami
warnings took place in a workshop held from 5 – 8 February 2008 in Honiara, Solomon Islands.

The  workshop  was  facilitated  by  a  team  of  visiting  experts  and  attended  by  some  27  Solomon
Islands  Government  agency  representatives,  Non-Government  Organisations  (NGOs),
international  organisations  and  the  private  sector  to  discuss  key  areas  of  tsunami  warning  and
mitigation  in  the  Solomon  Islands  by  completing  a  comprehensive  questionnaire  in  session,
presentations and site visits.

As  well  as  outlining  the  Solomon  Island’s  current  status,  strengths  and  opportunities  for
improvement  with  regard  to  tsunami  warning  and  mitigation,  a  list  of  recommendations  were
formulated by the visiting assessment team in consultation with national participants.  The aim of
these  recommendations  is  to  guide  further  capacity  development  programs  to  target
improvements in Solomon Island’s tsunami warning and mitigation system.

The  local  tsunami  threat  sources  for  the  Solomon  Islands  are  the  South  Solomon  and  New
Hebrides  Trenches  (Warne,  2008  p.1).  The  former  runs  east  from  Papua  New  Guinea  (7°S,
147°E) south of New Britain to the western edge of the Western Province of the Solomon Islands
(5°S, 153°E). It then runs south east along the eastern edge of the Solomon Islands to south of
San Ana in the Makira Province (11°S, 163°E).

The New Hebrides Trench runs from the end of the South Solomon Trench east to the north
western corner of the Temotu Province (10°S, 165°E) (Warne, 2008 p.1). The trench then runs
along the western edge of the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu and ends east of New Caledonia
(22°S, 174°E).

Warne (2008, p.1) states that there is limited threat from the Kermadec and Tonga trenches which
run north from New Zealand to Samoa. Also posing limited threat is the distant tsunami sources
off the coast of Chilli and the Kuril Islands. These distant sources are more than 10 hours away.
It is not expected that these more remote source pose a significant threat to the Solomon Islands
(Warne, 2008, p. 1).

Document 39 “Tsunamis in the Solomon Islands 1926 – 1982” by D. Tuni details the history of
tsunami in the Solomon Islands between 1926 and 2007.  The authors of the Solomon Islands
April 2nd 2007 Tsunami – Lessons Learnt Workshop Report (D29) state that the Solomon Islands
April 2nd 2007 tsunami impacted upon the Western and Choiseul Provinces.  Fifty two lives were
lost  and  significant  damage  was  caused.    The  tsunami  was  triggered  by  a  magnitude  8.1
earthquake  which  occurred  at  7.39am  local  time,1  April  2007  20:39:56  Coordinated  Universal
Time  (UTC))  along  the  Solomon  Islands  subduction  zone.  Advice  received  by  the  Solomon
Islands authorities, and the action taken as a result of this advice is outlined in the Case Study
description on page 16 of this report.

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P A G E 2

Participants in the workshop stated a number of urgent priority areas that need to be addressed
that included the need for:

• A robust early warning system;

• The development, implementation and exercising of an emergency response and recovery

plan;

• Risk assessment and inundation mapping;

• Clearly defined roles and responsibilities for all stakeholders involved in emergency

response to tsunami events;

• Focused training on all appropriate aspects of emergency response and recovery;

• Robust infrastructure standards. For example, adherence to the Building Code; and,

• Enhancement of community awareness.

The  visiting  team  and  workshop  participants  noted  that  the  Solomon  Island’s  National  Disaster
Committee (NDC) high level representation and reporting responsibility to Cabinet. It also noted
that the National Disaster Management Office (NDMO) has close links with local communities in
Honiara  and  the  Provinces  and  those  local  disaster  management  officers  have  a  strong
involvement in community awareness programs. The existence of a substantial HF radio network
throughout  the  Solomon  Islands  could  be  used  on  occasions  to  disseminate  warnings.  It  is
available  at  all  major  population  centres  and  remote  communities.  All  of  the  above  provide  a
sound foundation for the enhancement of the tsunami warning and disaster management system.

The visiting team and workshop participants conclude that the highest priority and a significant first
step,  towards  enhancing  the  tsunami  warning  and  disaster  management  system,  is  the
development of a Tsunami Response plan that clearly defines the roles, functions, authorities and
responsibilities of all  organisations  and  agencies  (public  and  private  sector) at the  National  and
Provincial levels. It was acknowledged that this could only be successfully achieved through the
urgent  development  and  implementation  of  legislation  and  formalisation  of  the  draft  Solomon
Islands Emergency Operations Centre, Standard Operations Procedures.

The visiting team also noted that the Solomon Islands should be congratulated on their proactive
and committed approach to improving disaster management arrangements in the country through
capitalising on lessons learned from the 2 April 2007 Solomon Islands event.  Recently, two major
initiatives  have  been  developed  in  a  relatively  short  timeframe  which  will  move  the  country
towards a more coordinated approach to managing disasters.  These are outlined briefly below.

• Solomon Islands National Emergency Operations Centre and related Standard

Operations Procedures: This centre will bring together officers from various government
ministries and technical departments including the Solomon Islands Red Cross Society and
other NGOs to formulate a more coordinated response during events.

• The development of Provincial Emergency Operations Centres and associated

trained officers:  Building on the role of the Provincial Disaster Committees (formed under
National  Disaster  Council  (NDC)  Act  1989)  by  developing  Provincial  Emergency
Operations Centres and associated trained officers to improve coordination at a provincial
level, between provinces and nationally during events.

Solomon  Island  workshop  participants  are  encouraged  to  use  this  National  Tsunami  Capacity
Assessment  report  to  guide  both  national  projects  and  aid  funded  projects  to  achieve  targeted
improvements on the Solomon Island’s tsunami warning and mitigation system.  In turn, this will
assist in improving systems for other natural hazards such as earthquakes and cyclones.

Contingent  on  the  availability  of  human  and  financial  resources,  the  Australian  Bureau  of
Meteorology  (Bureau)  and  project  partners  will  aim  to  work  with  potential  donors  to  bring  the
findings of this project to their attention on a country and regional scale.  This will be done in the
hope of further capacity development projects being undertaken.

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P A G E 3

1.2.

1.2. R

R
R

Recommendation

ecommendation

ecommendationssss (including priority and resource intensity)

(including priority and resource intensity)

Table  2  outlines  the  priority  and  resource  intensity  for  recommendations  made  to  improve
Solomon Island’s tsunami warning and mitigation system.  Both the priority and resource intensity
are based on the consensus of the visiting Tsunami Capacity Assessment team after discussions
held  within  the  Tsunami  Capacity  Assessment Workshop.    It  is  recognised  that  these  rankings
may not reflect the opinions of all individuals involved in the workshop as priorities vary depending
on personal responsibilities and areas of interest.  Each recommendation is important in its own
right to achieve holistic improvements in Solomon Island’s tsunami warning and mitigation system.

The  priority  ranking  and  resource  intensity  scale  used  as  a  basis  for  allocating  a  priority  and
resource  intensity  to  each  recommendation  is  explained  in  Table  1.    The  Very  High  priority
recommendations should be seriously considered as requiring urgent completion.  Low resource
intensity recommendations are considered the ‘low-hanging fruit’ that are achievable with very few
additional resources.

Table 1:

Priority ranking and resource intensity scale

PRIORITY

RESOURCE INTENSITY

Very High

Low – Recommendation currently being
progressed or could possibly be progressed within
the capacity of existing in-country resources (funds
and staff).

High

Medium – Recommendation could be progressed
by existing staff or with a low to moderate number of
additional staff and/or expertise and a moderate
level of additional in-country funds. May or may not
require external funding.

Medium

High – Recommendation would require a high level
of additional staff and/or expertise and funds.
External funding support is likely to be required.

Low

Very High – Recommendation would require a very
high level of additional staff and funds. External
funding support will be required.

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P A G E 4

Table 2:

Priority and anticipated resource intensity for completion of recommendations made for improving Solomon Island’s tsunami warning

and mitigation system.

Priority

Recommendation

Resource Intensity

Topic

Multi-hazard or

tsunami specific

Recommendation

Number In Table 4

Very High

The Director SIMS and Deputy be provided with dedicated
mobiles (with SMS capability) to receive SMS tsunami
warnings from the PTWC.

Low

Tsunami warnings

Tsunami specific

Very High

That all SIMS, Ministry of Mines, Energy and Rural
Electrification (MMERE) and NDMO tsunami SOPs include a
requirement to confirm the receipt of advices and warnings
disseminated to primary agencies. For example: maritime
and aviation.

Low

Tsunami warnings

Tsunami specific

Very High

Continue to widely disseminate the traditional knowledge
acquired via the Provincial Disaster Coordinator initiative and
other tsunami awareness initiatives which focus on
emergency response to tsunami warnings and natural
tsunami warning signs.

Low

Public and

Stakeholder

Awareness and

Education

Tsunami specific

Very High

Integrate an evaluation mechanism into community
awareness and preparedness programs to ensure the
continued improvement of these programs by focussing on
successful methodologies.

Low

Public and

Stakeholder

Awareness and

Education

Multi-hazard

Very High

Develop and implement appropriate community activities to
assess the community understanding and response to
tsunami warnings in an appropriate and timely manner.

Low

Public and

Stakeholder

Awareness and

Education

Tsunami specific

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P A G E 5

Priority

Recommendation

Resource Intensity

Topic

Multi-hazard or

tsunami specific

Recommendation

Number In Table 4

Very High

Through the PCIDRR and ongoing work of the NDMO
Provincial Disaster Coordinators, identify and advertise
evacuation routes for communities.

PCIDRR (Low,

funding already

available)

NDMO (High

ongoing)

Tsunami Emergency

Response (including

evacuation)

Multi-hazard

Very High

To review the current process for the receipt of Tsunami
Warnings by the SIMS, MMERE, and the NDMO to improve
the timeliness of dissemination.

Medium

Tsunami warnings

Tsunami specific

Very High

The tsunami Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) of
SIMS, MMERE and NDMO should be developed, exchanged
and coordinated. The viability of SOPs should also be tested
when they are developed or changed via a practical exercise
prior to their operational adoption.

Medium

Tsunami warnings

Tsunami specific

Very High

Formally review the resource requirements of the Solomon
Islands Meteorological Service (SIMS) that would enable it to
maintain a 24x7 multi-hazard watch and warning service. For
example: detection and communication equipment;
appropriately trained staff.

Medium

Tsunami warnings

Multi-hazard

Very High

Use the tsunami hazard studies that have been completed for
the Southwest Pacific Nations to date, and any historical
tsunami records, to identify low-lying communities which may
be potentially prone to tsunami impacts from all likely tsunami
sources and develop and include hazard maps in the disaster
response plan and associated evacuation plans.

Medium

Tsunami Hazard,

Vulnerability, Risk

and Mitigation

Tsunami specific

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P A G E 6

Priority

Recommendation

Resource Intensity

Topic

Multi-hazard or

tsunami specific

Recommendation

Number In Table 4

Very High

Formally review and develop strategies to implement an
alternative means of providing multi-hazard warnings from
that of SIBC broadcasts. For example, alternative
technologies such as ‘wake-up’ AM radio and the Chatty
Beetle.

High

Communications

Multi-hazard

Very High

Identify critical infrastructure and lifeline support facilities and
develop plans to ensure the availability of minimal
government services after a destructive tsunami, or other
natural disasters.

High

Tsunami Emergency

Response (including

evacuation)

Multi-hazard

Very High

Maintain and where possible enhance the current momentum
to integrate the disaster awareness initiative throughout all
levels of the education curriculum.

High

Public and

Stakeholder

Awareness and

Education

Multi-hazard

Very High

Maintain and enhance the current multi-hazard community
awareness media campaigns.

High

Public and

Stakeholder

Awareness and

Education

Multi-hazard

Very High

That consideration is given to providing a set of common
dedicated HF frequencies that would only be used during
times of disaster.

High

Communications

Multi-hazard

Very High

The highest priority is given to the development of a Tsunami
Response plan that clearly defines the roles, functions,
authorities and responsibilities of all organisations and
agencies (public and private sector) at the National and
Provincial levels. At the completion of this plan, develop
agency or organisational specific response plans to ensure
coordinated response and continuity of essential services.

High (technical

assistance required)

Tsunami Emergency

Response (including

evacuation)

Tsunami specific

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P A G E 7

Priority

Recommendation

Resource Intensity

Topic

Multi-hazard or

tsunami specific

Recommendation

Number In Table 4

Very High

To clearly define the authority, roles and responsibilities for all
stakeholders involved in emergency response to tsunami
events through the urgent development and implementation
of legislation and formalisation of the draft Solomon Islands
National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOC), Standard
Operations Procedures (SOPs). Including consideration of:

a. Clearly defining the roles of NDC members and

outlining coordination between the Disaster
Controller, NDMO Director and Provincial
Coordinators.

b. Developing strategies to integrate the private sector

into the draft Solomon Islands NEOC Standard
Operations Procedures (SOPs).

Update May 2009 – Currently underway and funded.

High (Update May

2009 – Funded)

Governance and

Coordination

Multi-hazard

Very High

Acquire the necessary baseline data (high resolution
topography and bathymetry) for populated coastlines as part
of a multi-hazard mapping activity to assist in assessment of
the tsunami risk in the Solomon Islands.

Very High

Tsunami Hazard,

Vulnerability, Risk

and Mitigation

Tsunami specific

High

Integrate tsunami considerations into the multi-hazard
committees under the NDC to ensure liaison and further
development to effectively meeting the tsunami threat.

Low

Governance and

Coordination

Tsunami specific

High

That the Australian Bureau sea-frame tide-gauge and
planned new stations real-time data link to SIMS HQ to be
restored.

Medium

Tsunami Monitoring

Infrastructure

Multi-hazard

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P A G E 8

Priority

Recommendation

Resource Intensity

Topic

Multi-hazard or

tsunami specific

Recommendation

Number In Table 4

High

The Solomon Islands progress towards joining the IOC.

Low

Regional and

International

Coordination

Multi-hazard

High

Formally review the resource requirements of the MMERE
that would enable it to maintain a 24x7 tsunami watch and
advice service. For example: detection and communication
equipment; appropriately trained staff.

Low

Tsunami warnings

Tsunami specific

High

Develop mechanisms to ensure that international bodies are
aware of existing arrangements to coordinate assessments
undertaken post a natural disaster (MMERE focal point for
technical assessments and SOPAC regional focal point) and
that results, including full reports, are provided and archived
locally.

Low

Tsunami Emergency

Response (including

evacuation)

Multi-hazard

High

Through NDC and committees ensure comprehensive formal
event reviews are undertaken for each tsunami event (and
other emergencies/disasters) that occurs. Ensure the results
of these reviews are acted upon and that reviews are
archived.

Low

Tsunami Emergency

Response (including

evacuation)

Multi-hazard

High

For urban centres - develop a strategy for the recognition and
adherence to the current Building Code combined with a risk
management strategy in terms of disaster threat for new
developments. For villages – develop a village carpenters
manual including building placement considerations with
regard to natural hazards (especially important for public
buildings that become evacuation centres).

Medium

Tsunami Hazard,

Vulnerability, Risk

and Mitigation

Multi-hazard

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P A G E 9

Priority

Recommendation

Resource Intensity

Topic

Multi-hazard or

tsunami specific

Recommendation

Number In Table 4

High

NDMO and Ministry of Education liaise to develop a training
program for teaching staff conducting tsunami (and multi-
hazard) awareness classes as well as developing teaching
tools.

High

Public and

Stakeholder

Awareness and

Education

Multi-hazard

High

Develop a media awareness program to raise the community
awareness of the importance and need for the respect of
early warning equipment. For example, Solar panels on sea-
level instrumentation. .

Medium

Public and

Stakeholder

Awareness and

Education

Multi-hazard

High

Introduce a competency-based training approach to the
development of skills and knowledge in the field of disaster
management, including scientific knowledge regarding
tsunami science and warnings (SIMS and MMERE), to further
enhance skills

High

Public and

Stakeholder

Awareness and

Education

Multi-hazard

Medium

Locate and archive bathymetry data from previous studies
undertaken of Honiara, Gizo, Noro, Marovo and Savo Island.

Low

Tsunami Hazard,

Vulnerability, Risk

and Mitigation

Multi-hazard

Medium

Capitalise on partnerships offered by regional and
international bodies to undertake scientific research in the
Solomon Islands into seismology and tsunami science.

Medium

Research Expertise

Multi-hazard

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2. Project Background

Project Background

2.1.

2.1. About the Project

About the Project

The  National  Capacity  Assessment  of  SOPAC  Member  Countries:  Tsunami  Warning  and
Mitigation Systems project aims to work in collaboration with the member countries of SOPAC to
assess their capacity to receive, communicate and respond effectively to tsunami warnings.  The
Australian  Bureau  is the  lead  implementing  agency,  in  partnership  with  the Australian  Attorney-
General’s Department (AGD), (formerly Emergency Management Australia [EMA]), SOPAC, and
with the assistance of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) a division of the
United  Nations  Educational,  Scientific  and  Cultural  Organization  (UNESCO).    The  project  is
funded  by  the  Australian  Agency  for  International  Development  (AusAID)  under  the  Pacific
Governance Support Programme (PGSP).  It is implemented under an agreement (Schedule 5 to
the  Record  of  Understanding  14304,  June  2006)  between  AusAID  and  the  Australian  Bureau).
The  fourteen  SOPAC  member  countries  participating  in  the  project  are  the  Cook  Islands,  the
Federated  States  of  Micronesia,  Fiji,  Kiribati,  the  Marshall  Islands,  Nauru,  Niue,  Palau,  Papua
New Guinea, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu.

2.2.

2.2. Broad Project Aim

Broad Project Aim

By  undertaking  an  assessment  of the  capacity  of  individual  nations to manage tsunami events,
the  project  aims  to  better  guide  donor funding  towards  achieving  targeted  improvements  in  the
tsunami warning and mitigation systems in the respective countries.

2.3.

2.3. Key Project Output

Key Project Output

The key deliverable of the project is a comprehensive set of reports, including one national report
specific to each country, detailing the strengths and opportunities for improvement of the country
with regard to tsunami warning and mitigation.  The national report for each country also includes
recommendations  to  address  priority  issues.    These  reports  will  then  feed  into  a  consolidated
Regional report that will aim to identify common issues across the Region with regard to tsunami
warnings and mitigation.

2.4.

2.4. Project Methodology

Project Methodology

National assessments in each SOPAC member country are conducted by visiting teams including
experts  in  the  fields  of  tsunami  warnings,  emergency  management,  disaster  risk  reduction  and
data and warning communications.  The visiting team meets with in-country experts during four-
day  workshop  involving  government  agencies,  the  private  sector,  NGOs  and  international
organisations involved in tsunami and natural disaster management.

The workshop aims to complete a questionnaire covering all aspects of tsunami warning and
mitigation and gather information to support questionnaire responses. This information then feeds

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into the national report. Consultation with individual countries before completion of the report is an
integral part of the report writing process.

The questionnaire for the Pacific Island Countries (PICs) is a modified version of that used for the
Indian Ocean equivalent project. The Indian Ocean questionnaire was jointly developed by
UNESCO/IOC, SOPAC, WMO and the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR).
Details

the

Indian

Ocean

equivalent

project

can

found

http://ioc3.unesco.org/indotsunami/nationalassessments.htm

2.5.

2.5. Underlying Policy Objectives of the Au

Underlying Policy Objectives of the Au

Underlying Policy Objectives of the Australian Tsunami Warning

stralian Tsunami Warning

System Project

The Bureau in partnership with Geoscience Australia (GA) and AGD, is currently undertaking a
four-year project to establish the Australian Tsunami Warning System (ATWS).  One of the three
policy objectives of the ATWS project is “To contribute to the facilitation of tsunami warnings for
the South West Pacific” (DFAT, 2006). The Tsunami Capacity Assessment project and this report,
contributes to the achievement of this policy objective.  Also, as part of the implementation of the
ATWS,  Australia  will  contribute  to  the  facilitation  of  more  effective  tsunami  advisory  bulletins  to
Pacific Island nations through the provision of seismic and sea level observations to the Pacific
Tsunami Warning Centre (PTWC) in Hawaii.

2.6.

2.6. Tsuna

Tsuna

Tsunami warnings in the Pacific

mi warnings in the Pacific

Tsunami messages for the Pacific Ocean are issued by the PTWC in Hawaii as the United States
of  America  (USA)  contribution  to  the  Pacific  Tsunami Warning  and  Mitigation  System  (PTWS).
Individual  countries  are  then  responsible  for  using  this  advice  to  distribute  national  tsunami
warnings to their communities.  PTWC messages can be Tsunami Warnings, Tsunami Watches,
Tsunami Advisories and Tsunami Information Bulletin/Statement.  For the purpose of this report,
products from the PTWC will be referred to generically as ‘tsunami messages’.  A full definition of
each

PTWC

product

products

can

found

http://www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc/about_messages.php

2.7.

2.7. International Tsunami Forums

International Tsunami Forums

Under the auspices of the IOC, the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Pacific Tsunami
Warning and Mitigation System was first convened in 1968 (ICG/PTWS, formerly known as ICG
for  the  Tsunami  Warning  System  in  the  Pacific  (ITSU))  (IOC,  2009).    This  is  an  international
cooperative  effort  involving  many  IOC  Member  States  of  the  Pacific  Region.    The  ICG/PTWS
meets  regularly  to  review  progress  and  coordinate  activities  resulting  in  improvements  of  the
service (IOC, 2009).

The  Working  Group  on  Tsunami  Warning  and  Mitigation  in  the  Southwest  Pacific  Ocean  was
formed at the ICG/PTWS-XXI meeting in Melbourne in early May 2006 with the aim of enhancing
tsunami warning and mitigation in the Southwest Pacific Ocean.  The membership of the working
group is composed of representatives from IOC Member States and other countries in the region
(as  members  and  observers).    SOPAC  provides  secretariat  support.    The  Working  Group  is
currently chaired by a representative of New Zealand, with vice-chairs from Fiji and Samoa.

The Working Group has a number of Terms of Reference and this project is directly relevant to
the following Terms of Reference:

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3. Country Background and the Tsunami

Country Background and the Tsunami

Country Background and the Tsunami
Threat

Threat

3.1.

3.1. About the

About the

About the Solomon Islands

Solomon Islands

The Solomon Islands is an archipelagic state situated in the South West Pacific Ocean.  Its land
mass  of  28,400  square  kilometres  extends  over  nearly  one  thousand  islands  comprising  nine
main island groups.  The capital, Honiara, is located on Guadalcanal, which is the largest island
(DFAT, 2008).

The population of Solomon Islands, estimated to be around 510,000, is predominantly Melanesian
(about 95%) although there are also smaller Polynesian, Micronesian, Chinese and European
communities. There are 63 distinct languages in the country, with numerous local dialects.
English is the official language of Solomon Islands but Solomons Pijin is the language used by the
majority of people (DFAT, 2008).

At  independence  on  7  July  1978,  Solomon  Islands  joined  the  Commonwealth  with  Queen
Elizabeth II as its Head of State, represented by a Governor General. The unicameral National
Parliament  comprises  fifty  members,  elected  for  a  four-year  term  under  a  "first  past  the  post"
voting  system.    The  Prime  Minister  is  elected  by  a  simple  majority  of  Members  of  Parliament.
Party structures in Solomon Islands are fluid.  In addition to the national government, there are
nine provincial assemblies, each led by a premier (DFAT, 2008).

According to the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT, 2008) the Solomon
Islands economy recorded growth rates of 8 per cent in 2004, 5 per cent in 2005 and 6.2 per cent
in 2006.  The economy grew at 10 per cent for 2007; one of the highest rates of growth in the
region, although it is expected to ease back to 6 per cent growth in 2008.  The recovery can be
attributed  to  the  return  of  business  investment  and  an  increase  in  export  receipts  (from  rapidly
expanded  exports  of  timber  and  more  favourable  terms  of  trade  for  other  export  commodities),
supported by the arrival of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI), which
has  dramatically  improved  the  outlook  for  the  economy.    Fiscal  policy  has  delivered  consistent
budget  surpluses  from  2003–2006  due  to  higher  government  revenues  and  better  expenditure
management. Challenges for the economy include a subsistence/cash crop agriculture (meaning
many people are not in paid work) commodity based exports and unsustainable logging practices.

As  in  many  other  PICs,  a  large  proportion  of  the  population  in  the  Solomon  Islands  is
concentrated in coastal areas.  Further, much of the infrastructure and economic resources are
also located in the coastal zone.  These factors greatly increase the vulnerability and risk to the
community and the economy from tsunami events.  Such events would worsen poverty, especially
in the rural communities affected.

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3.2.

3.2. Tsunami Threat Sources and Tsunami History

Tsunami Threat Sources and Tsunami History

Tsunami Threat Sources and Tsunami History in

in the Solomon

the Solomon

Islands

An  overview  of  potential  tsunami  threat  sources  and  tsunami  history  in  Solomon  Islands  is
outlined below.  This information should be treated as general background and does not attempt
to  provide  a  comprehensive  picture  of  tsunami  hazard  and  vulnerability  and  associated  risk  for
Solomon Islands.  Such a study is outside the scope of this project.

The  local  tsunami  threat  sources  for  the  Solomon  Islands  are  the  South  Solomon  and  New
Hebridies  Trenches  (Warne,  2008  p.1).  The  former  runs  east  from  Papua  New  Guinea  (7°S,
147°E) south of New Britain to the western edge of the Western Province of the Solomon Islands
(5°S, 153°E). It then runs south east along the eastern edge of the Solomon Islands to south of
San Ana in the Makira Province (11°S, 163°E).

The New Hebridies Trench runs from the end of the South Solomon Trench east to the north
western corner of the Temotu Province (10°S, 165°E) (Warne, 2008 p.1). The trench then runs
along the western edge of the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu and ends east of New Caledonia
(22°S, 174°E).

Warne (2008) states that there is limited threat from the Kermadec and Tonga trenches which run
north from New Zealand to Samoa.  Also posing limited threat is the distant tsunami sources off
the coast of Chilli and the Kuril Islands.  These distant sources are more than 10 hours away.  It is
not  expected  that  these  more  remote  source  pose  a  significant  threat  to  the  Solomon  Islands
(Warne, 2008, p. 1).

Document 39 “Tsunamis in the Solomon Islands 1926 – 1982” by D. Tuni (D39) details the history
of tsunami in the Solomon Islands between 1926 and 2007. The authors of the Solomon Islands
April 2

2007 Tsunami – Lessons Learnt Workshop Report (D29) state that the Solomon Islands

April 2nd 2007 tsunami impacted upon the Western and Choiseul Provinces.  Fifty two lives were
lost  and  significant  damage  was  caused.    The  tsunami  was  triggered  by  a  magnitude  8.1
earthquake  which  occurred  at  7.39am  local  time  (1  April  2007  20:39:56  Coordinated  Universal
Time (UTC)) along the Solomon Islands subduction zone (40 km (25 miles) SSE of Gizo, New
Georgia Islands and about 345 km (215 miles) WNW of HONIARA, Guadalcanal) as a result of
under-thrusting of the Australia/Woodlark/Solomon Sea plate beneath the Pacific plate, as part of
the  broader  northeast-directed  subduction  process  (United  States  Geological  Survey  (USGS),
2008).

The first tsunami warning (PTWC Bulletin No. 1) for the Solomon Islands was issued by PTWC on
2 April 2007 at 7.55am local time.  The tsunami warning for the Solomon Islands was cancelled at
3.05pm  local  time  on  the  same  day  (in  PTWC  Bulletin  No.  8).    Detailed  information  on  PTWC
tsunami  messages  for  this  event  can  be  found  on  the  PTWC  website  www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc.
Advice received by the Solomon Islands authorities, and the action taken as a result of this advice
is outlined in the Case Study description on page 16 of this report.

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4. The Solomon Islands T

The Solomon Islands T

The Solomon Islands Tsunami Capacity

sunami Capacity

Assessment

4.1.

4.1. Date and Location

Date and Location

The tsunami capacity assessment of the ability of the Solomon Islands to receive, communicate
and effectively respond to tsunami warnings took place from 5 – 8 February 2008 at the King
Solomon Hotel, Honiara.

4.2.

4.2. Visiting Assessment Team and Participants

Visiting Assessment Team and Participants

The visiting assessment team was made up of those outlined in Annexure 2. The focal points in
the Solomon Islands for the completion of this project was Mr Loti Yates, Director, NDMO and Mr
Chanel Iroi, Director, SIMS. A full list of workshop participants can be found in Annexure 1.

4.3.

4.3. Workshop Summary

Workshop Summary

For a copy of the full agenda for the workshop see Annexure 3.

4.3.1.

4.3.1. Day 1 (5 February 2008)

Day 1 (5 February 2008)

The  opening  ceremony  was  conducted  by  Mr  Loti  Yates,  Director  of  the  NDMO.    An
opening prayer was provided by the Reverend Philemon Riti.  Mr Chanel Iroi, Director of
SIMS  welcomed  participants.    The  Guest  of  Honour,  the  Minister  for  Environment,
Conservation and Meteorology, the Honourable Gordon Darcy Lilo delivered an opening
address and officially opened the workshop.  Mr Bryan Boase, the Team Leader of the
visiting  assessment  team,  responded  to  the  Minister  and  provided  participants  with  a
broad outline of the workshop ahead.  Reverend Philemon Riti then concluded with a
closing dedication and prayer of refreshments.

Presentations were given after refreshments by the visiting assessment team covering
topics  including  a  review  of  the  tsunami  threat  and  threat  sources  for  the  Solomon
Islands,  the  Solomon  Islands  tsunami  2  April  2007  and  an  overview  of  the  national
capacity assessment project.

After lunch presentations were given by Solomon Islands in-country experts, outlining
the tsunami warning and mitigation capacity of their country. These presentations
included one each from SIMS (Mr Chanel Iroi) and NDMO (Mr Loti Yates).

In the late afternoon the workshop participants commenced discussing and recording
answers to the questionnaire (refer to Attachment 1a).

4.3.2.

4.3.2. Day 2 (6 February 2008)

Day 2 (6 February 2008)

The workshop participants continued to discuss and record answers to the
questionnaire (refer to Attachment 1a).

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5. Assessment Results

Assessment Results

5.1.

5.1. Status of Key System Components

Status of Key System Components

The Tsunami Capacity Assessment Workshop results are summarised below in Table 3 in which the
status of key components of the Solomon Islands tsunami warning and mitigation system are outlined (as
at the date the Tsunami Capacity Assessment Workshop was held in February 2008, updates between
then and the publication of this report are as marked).

Table 3: Summary of current status of key components of the Solomon Islands tsunami warning and
mitigation system as at February 2008.

Rating

Yes - fully realised

Partially realised

No - not realised

Key Component

Rating

Discussion

Authority, Coordination and NGO Role

Legislation in place for
tsunami warnings and
response

Partially

Currently the Minister for the Ministry of Home Affairs is responsible for
management of disasters and emergencies as stipulated by the NDC Act
1989. The Police Act and associated legislation exists. The legislative
mandate for issuing of tsunami warnings and coordination of National and
Provincial responsibilities requires improvement.

Update May 2009 – A consultant is currently assisting the Solomon Islands
to review disaster risk reduction and disaster management legislation.
Updated legislation is expected to be before Parliament by November 2009.

Tsunami coordination
committee or effort at
a National and local
level

Partially

The NDC have the authority to coordinate the appropriate emergency
response as per the NDC Act 1989 (Act currently being revised).  NDC, of
which the NDMO is the secretariat, has the “operational practical
implementation authority” whereas the Cabinet has legislative authority to
authorise the NDC to take action.  The Solomon Islands National Emergency
Operations Centre (to be renamed the NDOCs) has Standard Operations
Procedures (SOPs).  The NEOC activates the Provincial Disaster Operation
Centres (PDOCs).

Update May 2009 - A consultant is currently assisting the Solomon Islands
to review the NDC structure.  It is planned that four sub-committees will exist
(Risk Reduction, Hazards, Disaster Management Arrangements and
Recovery) headed by the key accountable agency.  Workshops will be held
with all stakeholders to develop Terms of Reference for these sub-
committees agency specific SOPs.  This process is AusAID funded.

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Key Component

Rating

Discussion

Authority, Coordination and NGO Role (Continued)

Agency
responsibilities clearly
defined

Partially

Agency responsibilities are defined within the draft Solomon Islands NEOC,
Standard Operations Procedures (SOPs) under the headings of response
and recovery. For tsunami, the lead technical agency is listed as the Ministry
of Mines and Energy (MMERE).

Update May 2009 – Agency responsibilities and accountability will be further
enhanced by the review of legislation, Disaster Risk Management Plan and
Disaster Risk Management National Action Planning process.

NGOs have a defined
role in tsunami
warning
dissemination,
preparedness and
awareness and
emergency response

Yes

NGOs play a role in community awareness and preparedness and, most
importantly, emergency response.

Regional and International Cooperation

Country represented
at an international and
regional level to aid
cooperation in
tsunami warning and
mitigation efforts

Yes

The Solomon Islands is involved in the PTWS and Southwest Pacific
Tsunami Working Group. The Solomon Islands is yet to become a member
of the IOC.

Priorities

Priorities established
for implementation of
tsunami warning and
mitigation system at a
National level

Partially

Lessons Learned from 2 April 2007 Solomon Islands tsunami have helped to
focus efforts. Opportunity for further strategic development in an all hazards
framework exists.

Solomon Island’s priorities in enhancing their tsunami warning and mitigation
system are outlined in this report. The following priorities were identified by
the participants in the Tsunami Capacity Assessment Workshop:

•

Early warning

•

Risk assessment and inundation mapping

•

Defined roles and responsibilities

•

Training and exercising

•

Emergency response and recovery plan

•

Infrastructure standards

•

Community awareness

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Key Component

Rating

Discussion

Multi-hazard Approach

Tsunami warning
capabilities are being
established within a
multi-hazard
framework

Yes

The draft Solomon Islands NEOC, Standard Operations Procedures (SOPs)
provide a multi-hazard framework for Solomon Islands Government agencies
and their disaster management partners before, during and after a disaster
event. National and Provincial Disaster Committees and Offices are exist in
a multi-hazards context.

Update May 2009 – The multi-hazard approach will be further enhanced by
the review of legislation, Disaster Management Plans, SOPs and the
Disaster Risk Management National Action Planning process.

Research Expertise

Active research is
being undertaken
within the country for
seismology and
tsunami to strengthen
the tsunami warning
and mitigation system

No formal research was identified specific to tsunami. A few projects
proposed but under resourced. The Solomon Islands are generally reliant on
the efforts of international and regional technical agencies as well as
educational institutions such as the University of Papua New Guinea.

Tsunami monitoring infrastructure

Existence of
seismograph stations
and integration of real
time data from these
stations into the
tsunami warning
process

Partially

There is one location where two digital seismic stations are co-located. The
data is available in real-time to the international community that has provided
the equipment and to the Solomon’s MMERE but the MMERE do not have
the capacity or authority to communicate it to the community during a real
time event.

Existence of sea-level
stations and
integration of real time
data from these
stations into the
tsunami warning
process

Partially

One 3

party owned sea-level station exists. Real time data for this station is

accessible via a web interface but not currently used in warnings.

Sharing of seismic
and sea-level data
internationally to
facilitate improvement
of PTWC tsunami
messages for the
region

Yes

Seismic data is shared internationally.

Sea level data (3

party site) is shared internationally and fed into PTWC

tsunami messages.

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Key Component

Rating

Discussion

Warnings

Nation receives
PTWC messages

Yes

The NDMO receives tsunami messages from PTWC via Short Message
Service (SMS) to the Director or Deputy’s mobile telephone and via e-mail.
NDMO then uses the internet to confirm the tsunami advice.  Once
confirmed the NDMO officer will advise the duty SIMS officer at the airport
meteorological office or conversely, the on duty SIMS Officer will advise the
NDMO depending on who gets the advice first.  SIMS receives the PTWC
messages via the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network (AFTN)
and/or a phone call (there is currently no set protocol) and from NDMO via a
landline phone call at the airport meteorological office.  SIMS has a number
of data communication systems through which they can receive the PTWC
messages but primarily it is through the AFTN and the Emergency Managers
Weather Information Network (EMWIM).  The WorldSpace system is due to
be installed in the near future.

The reliability of the message receipt systems on which SIMS received the
PTWC message is questionable at times due to difficulties in maintaining the
equipment. EMWIN (which is alarmed) is likely to be the most reliable option
for SIMS to receive the PTWC message if it was operational.

MMERE currently has no formal role in tsunami message receipt from
PTWC, or subsequent analysis and dissemination of tsunami warnings for
the Solomon Islands.

Update May 2009 – SIMS has recently had a substantial input of resources
for telephone, facsimile and power generators etc.

24x7 operational staff
at warning receipt and
dissemination location

Yes

The SIMS forecasting office is only staffed from 5am to 6pm daily as
opposed to the airport meteorological office that is staffed 24x7 therefore
PTWC tsunami messages are received by the airport office (Note – the
forecasting office will receive notification of tsunami messages from the
airport office).

The Solomon Islands Police Force (SIPF) operate 24x7 and act as a back up
to NDMO Duty Officer but are most likely to receive tsunami messages from
NDMO. The SIPF disseminate it through their 24x7 hour HF radio network to
their local stations (also staffed 24x7) and use loud speakers etc. to warn the
community.

Disseminate national
tsunami warnings as
guided by a Standard
Operating Procedure

Standard Operating Procedures do not exist for tsunami warnings post
PTWC message receipt in the Solomon Islands.

Update May 2009 – Enhancement of this aspect of the system is planned in
the framework of the enhanced Act, committee structure and National,
Provincial and agency emergency plans.

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Key Component

Rating

Discussion

Warnings (Continued)

System
redundancies in
place for receipt of
PTWC messages
and dissemination of
National warnings

Partially

NDMO and SIMS provide back up to each other with regard to receipt of
tsunami messages from PTWC.  However, as NDMO is not 24x7 (they are
on a call in roster), this back up arrangement is largely reliant on the Director
and Duty Officer receiving SMS messages.  When a message is received
from PTWC (or the NDMO) by SIMS, the tropical cyclone standard operating
procedures are activated to disseminate tsunami warnings for the Solomon
Islands.  SIMS sends tsunami warnings to the media and to the Provincial
Meteorological Offices and Provincial Government Offices by fax. The
NDMO can also take on the warning dissemination role by issuing advice to
Solomon Island Police Force (SIPF) and the Solomon Islands Broadcasting
Commission (SIBC).

Update May 2009 – NDMO is currently the agency most actively pursuing
issuing of tsunami advice to the community based on PTWC messages.

Redundant 24x7
methods available
for dissemination of
warnings to
community (e.g.
public radio, sirens
etc.)

SIMS currently issues tsunami warnings to the population with due
consideration to its role in issuing tropical cyclone warnings. This is by fax to
the media, Provincial Meteorological Offices and Provincial Government
Offices.

The warning dissemination role is sometimes filled by the NDMO under an
informal agreement at the time of the event with SIMS. NDMO pass the
warning onto the SIBC (the Amplitude Modulated (AM) frequency national
broadcaster) for dissemination nationally. SIBC operates 6am to 11pm daily
(main means of dissemination but is not 24x7). Although there is no formal
agreement in the case of an emergency, operating hours can be extended
but this can create a longer lead time for warning dissemination.

The Provincial Government Offices then disseminate the warning as best
they can to the community utilising the HF radio network and word of mouth.
Media is then contacted to ensure the message has been received and will
be transmitted immediately.  Dissemination of messages is somewhat
inefficient outside of office hours.

The warning is also passed onto the SIPF who disseminate it through their
HF radio network to their local stations and use loud speakers etc. to warn
the community.  The Ministry of Health and Medical Services Information
Network is also a viable communication channel that connects with every
village across the country.  Both the Police and the Ministry of Health and
Medical Services HF radio networks currently have dedicated frequencies.
No agreement has been made which allows these dedicated frequencies to
be used for tsunami warnings.

Update May 2009 – The Solomon Islands People First Network
(http://www.peoplefirst.net.sb) exists but us not operated 24x7.  A World
Bank initiative is currently working towards implementing low-cost
broadband.  New ‘wake-up’ AM radio technologies and other technologies
such as the Chatty Beatle are being investigated.  NDMO, through an EU
funded project, has installed HF radios in Provincial Meteorological and
Disaster offices.  These use the same radio frequency.

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Key Component

Rating

Discussion

Warnings (Continued)

Effective warning
dissemination to
remote communities

Partially

AM station is main means of dissemination but is not 24x7. Scope for
improvement by use of dedicated HF frequencies (such as those used by the
SIPF) and development of out of hours ‘wake-up’ technologies.

Communications
coverage of whole
country that is
effectively utilised for
the dissemination of
tsunami warning
messages

Partially

Adequate communications coverage via AM radio and HF systems. Scope
for improvement by use of dedicated HF frequencies (such as those used by
the SIPF) and development of out of hours ‘wake-up’ technologies.

Issue of marine
tsunami warnings and
guidance for vessels,
harbours and ports

Partially

There is no marine tsunami warning product as such. The Search and
Rescue Unit of the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources operate 24x7
HF/VHF radio watch and pass on marine safety messages and tsunami
warnings when received.

Emergency Response and Evacuation

Disaster
preparedness and
emergency response
system has been
reviewed and
opportunities for
improvement and
training identified

Partially

For tsunami this was done as a lessons learned workshop and resulting
report from the 2 April 2007 event.

Update May 2009 – The disaster preparedness and emergency response
system is currently being reviewed through the review of the Act, committee
structure and National, Provincial and agency response plans. The Solomon
Islands will also in 2010 undertake the Disaster Risk Management National
Action Planning process.

Tsunami emergency
response, evacuation
and recovery plan
exists

Partially

Refer above to answers to “Legislation in place for tsunami warnings and
response “and “Tsunami coordination committee or effort at a National and
local level”.

Update May 2009 – The Solomon Islands Tsunami Response Plan is one
third complete but needs technical input to be completed.

The designated
agency for evacuation
is identified and have
authority by law

Yes

In areas where Police operate (Honiara and Urban Centres) the Ministry of
Police, under the Police Act, are the key evacuation agency. Villages have
their own arrangements.

Plans have been
made for safe
evacuation of
population centres
including aspects
such as maps, routes
and signage

There is currently no evacuation plan for tsunami. Evacuation planning will
be undertaken by the new Provincial Disaster Coordinators and is in fact,
written into their duty statements.

Update May 2009 – Templates for evacuation plans will be developed and
rolled out as part of the PCIDRR project (refer below under “Public and
stakeholder awareness and education”).

Procedures are tested
and exercised to
improve the response
through better
planning and
preparedness

Partially

The Police exercise their procedures. No exercise program exists for other
agencies involved in tsunami warning and response. The Solomon Islands
participated in Exercise Pacific Wave 2006 (refer to D42).

Update May 2009 – The Solomon Islands participated in Pacific Wave 2008
and would like to include a regular exercise regime in their Tsunami
Response Plan.

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Key Component

Rating

Discussion

Emergency Response and Evacuation (Continued)

Land use policies and
building codes are in
place to mitigate
against the tsunami
hazard

Partially

The building code applies only in Honiara and urban centres has been in
draft for almost 20 years and is now ready for cabinet approval.  Once
approved, enforcement needs to be considered to ensure that this code is an
effective tool.  Developments on the coastal verge in Honiara have been
approved without consideration of risk.  This is a problem.

Tsunami hazard, vulnerability and risk

Completion of studies
to assess the tsunami
hazard in the country
or Region

Partially

Preliminary and Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment of the South
West Pacific completed by SOPAC and GA. No national studies exist at
present.

Local risk
assessments have
been completed for at
risk communities

This has not been completed for tsunami.

Adequate data exists
and local inundation
modelling has been
completed for
population centres

Partially

Some accurate bathymetry exists at some locations, however these studies
were undertaken by the Japanese and the data is not currently available in-
country. Satellite topography data for the entire Solomon Islands is available
(with 40meter contours for the country and 5meter contours for Honiara).
Available data is outlined in the report “Inventory of Geospatial Data and
Options for Tsunami Inundation& Risk Modelling” (SOPAC 2008).

Update May 2009 – Inundation studies of the areas affected by the Gizo
tsunami of April 2007 have been completed.

Public and stakeholder awareness and education

Measures have been
taken to ensure the
public understand and
take action in the
event of a tsunami
warning being issued

This is incorporated into a multi-hazard approach. Could be improved once
Tsunami Response Plan is in place.

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Key Component

Rating

Discussion

Community level
education and
preparedness
programs exist
tsunami

Partially

Education and preparedness efforts are generally multi-hazard.  Efforts have
been made to incorporate Disaster Risk Management into education
curriculum (all hazards through the National Adaptation Plan of Action), radio
and television programs.  Community education coverage is quite good with
the joint efforts of the Red Cross, Solomon Islands Development Trust
(STDT) and NDMO.  Travel to remote islands is expensive and can hinder
community awareness and preparedness efforts.

Update May 2009 –

•

AusAID funding has been used for multi-hazard wall calendars and
posters for schools and Government departments.

•

The  Solomon  Islands  is  included  in  the  Pacific  Community  Focused
Integrated  Disaster  Risk  Reduction  (PCIDRR)  project  managed  by  the
National  Council  of  Churches  Australia  and  funded  by  AusAID.    Under
this  project  the  Solomon  Islands  have  two  NDMO  trained  field  officers
who  will  be  accompanied  by  Provincial  Disaster  Officers  to  run  village
workshops.    These  workshops  will  focus  on  education  and  awareness
and non-structural DRR such as evacuation planning, risk assessments
and development of disaster committees and plans.  The project is three
years duration with the field officers visiting two villages per month.

•

At a Tertiary level, introduction to disaster management has been
integrated into the third year nursing curriculum.

•

NDMO’s budget spent on education through the media.

Training programs for
the National media
exist for natural
hazard and tsunami

Yes

Tsunami training programmes are provided for the media by NDMO and
partners.

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5.2.

5.2. Case Study

Case Study

Case Study –––– 2 April Solomon Islands Tsunami

2 April Solomon Islands Tsunami

On  at  7.39am  on  2  April  2007  local  time  (1  April  2007  20:39:56  UTC)  a  magnitude  8.1  earthquake
occurred  along  the  Solomon  Islands  subduction  zone.    This  earthquake  generated  a  tsunami  which
impacted upon the Western and Choiseul Provinces of the Solomon Islands, killing fifty two (52) people
and causing significant damage. This event was used as a case study throughout the tsunami capacity
assessment process in the Solomon Islands.  The aim of this case study was to gain an understanding of
the operation of the system in a real time event. The findings of this case study are outlined below.

The  Solomon  Islands  MMERE  has  two  (2)  digital  seismic  stations  co-located.  The  MMERE  system
detected  and  evaluated  the  earthquake,  establishing  its  location,  direction  and  magnitude.    The
processes took approximately ten (10) to fifteen (15) minutes.  This information was not provided to the
community as the MMERE does not have the communication capability to undertake this task.

In terms of detecting and measuring sea-level changes, the Honiara sea level gauge was unserviceable
at the time of the 2 April 2007 event in terms of communication capabilities due to damage being caused
to the equipment as a result of an incident that happened on the Honiara wharf. However, data stored on
the data logger was used post the event for analysis purposes.

For this event the Solomon Islands received the international tsunami message from the PTWC about
fifteen (15) minutes after the initial earthquake (approximately 8.10am local time).  A message from the
Japanese  Meteorological  Agency  (JMA)  was  also  received  approximately  five  (5)  minutes  after  the
PTWC message.  In reaction to receipt of the PTWC message the message was faxed to SIBC to warn
the areas that were going to be affected.  Receipt of the message by SIBC was verified through a phone
call.  This message was then broadcast.  The visiting tsunami capacity assessment team was advised
that because the event was generated locally, both the PTWC and JMA messages, and resulting warning
action taken in-country, was too late to activate any effective community response.

The Solomon Islands did not have a national tsunami response plan in place at the time of this event.  In
general, conflicting messages were communicated throughout the community and community response
to  the  event  was  confused.    However,  in  some  communities,  lives  were  saved  because  of  traditional
knowledge of the natural warning signs of a tsunami being the receding sea.  The workshop noted that
the  Solomon  Islands  community  tends  to  be  “response  orientated”  rather  than  preparedness  focused.
Sharing of traditional tsunami knowledge sometimes does not occur or is not taken seriously.

A formal lessons learned process was undertaken after the event. Annexure 6 of this report summarises
the findings of this lessons learned workshop and the full workshop report can be found in Attachment 1b
(D29) to this report.

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5.3.

5.3. Strengths, Opportunities for Improvement and Recommendations to

Strengths, Opportunities for Improvement and Recommendations to

Strengths, Opportunities for Improvement and Recommendations to
Progress the Tsunami Agenda in the Solomon Islands

Progress the Tsunami Agenda in the Solomon Islands

Based  on  the  discussions  during  the  workshop  with  in-country  participants  and  the  supporting
documentation  collected  during  the  visit,  the  visiting  team,  in  consultation  with  Tsunami  Capacity
Assessment workshop participants formulated the following strengths, opportunities for improvement and
recommendations under key topics which they believe will progress the tsunami agenda in the Solomon
Islands.  These are outlined in Table 4.

Table 4 – Strengths, opportunities for improvement and recommendations under key topics

5.3.1.

5.3.1. Governance and

Governance and

Governance and Coordination

Coordination

Strengths:

Opportunities for Improvement:

•

NDC exists with high level representation and
reporting responsibility to Cabinet.

•

Staffed NDMO exists which has close links with local
communities,  local  disaster  management  officers
and  strong  involvement  in  community  awareness
programs.    Nine  trained  Provincial  Disaster
Management Officers provide community links.

•

Provincial Disaster Committees exist and are linked
to the NDC with reasonable across the board
relationships.

•

NGOs  play  a  role  in  community  awareness  and
preparedness  and,  most  importantly,  emergency
response.  This is demonstrated by the written plans
and  actions  of  the  Solomon  Islands  Red  Cross
Society and Oxfam Solomon Islands Field Office.

•

The strong relationship between the NDMO and
SIBC.

•

The lessons learned process undertaken post the 2
April 2007 event.

•

The capacity building of local communities.

•

Legislative mandate for issuing of tsunami warnings
requires  improvement.    SIMS  currently  issues
tsunami warnings to the Solomon Islands population
with  due  consideration  to  its  role  in  issuing  tropical
cyclone  warnings  but  with  no  legislative  backing.
NDMO sometimes also issue tsunami warnings.

•

Legislation  governing  the  role  of  the  NDC  at  the
provincial  level  requires  clarification;  ensuring  policy
developed by the Provincial Disaster Committees is
aligned  with  national  policy  and  consistent  nation
wide.

•

National strategy for guiding disaster risk reduction in
general  requires  enhancement.    The  Solomon
Islands  has  no  current  strategy,  although  NDMO  is
active in progressing dialog on this issue.

•

Improvement in planning processes and the
capabilities of leading agencies.

•

Enhanced training and associated resources.

•

Clear roles and responsibilities including a national
focal point for communities during a disaster.

•

Enhanced community links through the Provincial
Disaster Coordinators and community education.

•

Heighten political interest and cooperation between
agencies.

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Governance and Coordination

Governance and Coordination ((((Continued

Continued

Continued))))

Strengths:

Opportunities for Improvement:

•

(Refer above)

•

Update May 2009 –

Consideration is being given to Meteorological

and MMERE Staff to be located together under
the Environment Ministry to share resources
and knowledge.

A consultant is currently assisting the Solomon

Islands  to  review  disaster  risk  reduction  and
disaster  management  legislation.    Updated
legislation  is  expected  to  be  before  Parliament
by November 2009.  The NDC structure is also
being  reviewed.    It  is  planned  that  four  sub-
committees will exist (Risk Reduction, Hazards,
Disaster  Management  Arrangements  and
Recovery)  headed  by  the  key  accountable
agency.    Workshops  will  be  held  with  all
stakeholders to develop Terms of Reference for
these  sub-committees  and  agency  specific
SOPs.  This process is AusAID funded.

Recommendations:

1. To clearly define the authority, roles and responsibilities for all stakeholders involved in emergency response to

tsunami events through the urgent development and implementation of legislation and formalisation of the draft
Solomon Islands NEOC, Standard Operations Procedures (SOPs). Including consideration of:

a. Clearly defining the roles of NDC members and outlining coordination between the Disaster Controller,

NDMO Director and Provincial Coordinators.

b. Developing strategies to integrate the private sector into the draft Solomon Islands NEOC, Standard

Operations Procedures (SOPs).

2. Integrate tsunami considerations into the multi-hazard committees under the NDC to ensure liaison and further

development to effectively meeting the tsunami threat.

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5.3.2.

5.3.2. Regional and International Coordination

Regional and International Coordination

Strengths:

Opportunities for Improvement:

•

Discussions  are  progressing  regarding  obtaining
support  from  neighbouring  countries  (particularly  to
support NDMO’s) during extreme events.

•

The  Solomon  Islands  is  well  connected  with
international  and  regional  bodies  and  forums  that
can  assist  in  Disaster  Risk  Management  in  an  all-
hazards framework.

•

The  Solomon  Islands  has  designated  Tsunami
National  Contacts  and  Tsunami  Warning  Focal
Points  for  receiving  information  on  regional  tsunami
mitigation activities and tsunami messages from the
PTWC,  JMA,  and  WC/ATWC  that  serve  as  the
international tsunami warning centres for the PTWS.

•

The Solomon Islands is involved in the PTWS and
Southwest Pacific Tsunami Working Group.

•

The Solomon Islands is yet to become a member of
the IOC.

•

Enhanced

cooperation

with

regional

and

international

organisations

regarding

scientific

research (refer to Research Expertise).

•

Enhanced

coordination

post-disaster

assessments

(refer

Tsunami

Emergency

Response (including evacuation)).

Recommendations:

3. The Solomon Islands progress towards joining the IOC.

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5.3.3.

5.3.3. Research Expertise

Research Expertise

Strengths:

Opportunities for Improvement:

•

A number of post-tsunami impact assessments and
other studies have been undertaken in the Solomon
Islands post 1 April 2007 event.  These studies were
completed  by  both  national  and  international
organisations with a number of the resulting reports
provided to the Solomon Islands.

•

The Solomon Islands have a reasonable historical
record of tsunami and are currently undertaking a
project to obtain the oral history of past tsunami.

•

To ensure data, results and reports from visiting
assessments and projects are fed back to the
Solomon Islands post completion.

•

There  is  no  active  research,  including  government
sponsored  research  into  seismology  and  tsunami
science  in  the  Solomon  Islands.    The  Solomon
Islands  are  generally  reliant  on  the  efforts  of
international and regional technical agencies as well
as  educational  institutions  such  as  the  University  of
Papua New Guinea.

Recommendations:

4. A protocol is developed to ensure that reports from all assessments are provided back to the Solomon Islands

and that they are formally archived for easy retrieval and reference.

5. Capitalised on partnerships offered by regional and international bodies to undertake scientific research in the

Solomon Islands into seismology and tsunami science.

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5.3.4.

5.3.4. Tsunami Monitoring Infrastructure

Tsunami Monitoring Infrastructure

Strengths:

Opportunities for Improvement:

•

One sea-level gauge exists in the Solomon Islands
on the Honiara wharf.

•

There is one location where two digital seismic
stations are co-located.

•

MMERE have access to national seismic data in real
time and this data is provided to the international
community in real time.

•

Access  to  real  time  data  is  an  opportunity  for
improvement.    The  Solomon  Islands  no  longer  has
access to real-time data from the Honiara tide gauge
(access  is  available  in  PDF  format  from  the
Australian Bureau  Registered User Website).

•

Although MMERE have access to national seismic
data in real time they are unable to communicate it to
the community and under the current legislation do
not have the authority to do so.

•

Obtain new technologies for tsunami and earthquake
monitoring

Recommendations:

6. That the Australian Bureau sea-frame tide-gauge and planned new stations real-time data link to SIMSHQ to be

restored.

7. Investigate the feasibility of receiving real-time sea-level and seismic data from neighbouring countries, regionally

or internationally, via the WMO GTS. Then:

a. Ensure relevant legislation is in place to allow MMERE and other relevant agencies have the authority to use
this data

b. Integrate use of this data into Standard Operating Procedures for tsunami.

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5.3.5.

5.3.5. Tsunami warnings

Tsunami warnings

Strengths:

Opportunities for Improvement:

•

It is estimates that approximately 80% of people in
the rural population can receive tsunami warnings by
SIBC.

•

SIMS and NDMO receive tsunami messages from
PTWC via AFTN and SMS.

•

Refer to further strengths listed under the Topic:
Communications.

•

The  improvement  of  defined  roles  and  coordination
between  key  agencies  during  a  tsunami  event.    In
particular  the  improvement  of  communication
between  MMERE  and  SIMS  in  the  operational
context.

•

There  is  a  lack  of  understanding  of  roles  and
developed  SOPs  across  the  organisations  involved
that  detail  actions  taken  in  response  to  a  tsunami
message received from PTWC. SIMS currently uses
their  cyclone  SOPs  and  NDMO  have  limited
instructions on felt earthquakes.

•

Enhancement of the MMERE that has the expertise
but  lacks  the  resources  and  funding  to  detect  and
evaluate  seismic  events.    They  are  currently  not  a
24/7 operation and have one location with two digital
seismometer  stations  co-located.    The  staff  can
evaluate  events  above  5MW  quickly  if  they  are  on
site  at  the  time  but  they  have  no  ability  to  raise  the
alarm.  The lack of triangulation of seismic stations is
a recognised problem.

•

Although  a  number  of  agencies  receive  the  PTWC
message  via  various  different  means  –  there  is  no
formal  procedure  or  back  up  arrangement  for
receiving this message and disseminating a national
tsunami warning message to the community. .

•

Cover the overnight gap by development of a 24/7
system

•

Update May 2009 –

SIMS has recently had a substantial input of

resources for telephone, facsimile and power
generators etc.

Enhancement of this aspect of the system is

planned in the framework of the enhanced Act,
committee structure and National, Provincial
and agency emergency plans.

NDMO is currently the agency most actively

pursuing issuing of tsunami advice to the
community based on PTWC messages.

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Tsunami Warnings

Tsunami Warnings ((((Continued

Continued

Continued))))

Recommendations:

8. To review the current process for the receipt of Tsunami Warnings by SIMS, MMERE and the NDMO to improve

the timeliness of dissemination.

9. The tsunami Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) of SIMS, MMERE and NDMO should be developed,

exchanged and coordinated. The viability of SOPs should also be tested when they are developed or changed
via a practical exercise prior to their operational adoption.

10. Formally review the resource requirements of the MMERE that would enable it to maintain a 24x7 tsunami watch

and advice service. For example: detection and communication equipment; appropriately trained staff.

11. Formally review the resource requirements of SIMS that would enable it to maintain a 24x7 multi-hazard watch

and warning service. For example: detection and communication equipment; appropriately trained staff.

12. The Director SIMS and Deputy be provided with dedicated mobiles (with SMS capability) to receive SMS

tsunami warnings from the PTWC.

13. That all SIMS, MMERE and NDMO tsunami SOPs include a requirement to confirm the receipt of advices and

warnings disseminated to primary agencies. For example: maritime and aviation.

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5.3.6.

5.3.6. Communi

Communi

Communications

cations

Strengths:

Opportunities for Improvement:

•

The People First Network provides a rural radio /
emailing system that is available as part of distance
education that utilises digital HF radios as well as
some VSAT terminals.

•

There is a substantial HF radio system throughout
the Solomon Islands that could be, and is, used on
occasion to disseminate warnings. It is available at
all

major

population

centres

and

remote

communities.  Note  -  Through  the  Police  HF  radio
(digital voice and text), it is protected so no one can
interrupt.    NDMO  and  the  Ministry  of  Health  and
Medical  Services  both  have  digital  voice  capable
HF.

•

Police  are  relatively  well  set-up  communications
wise  and  this  is  set  to  improve  (HF  radio  and
WorldSpace systems).

•

Mobile and SMS coverage of Honiara, Gizo, Auki,
Tulagi, Munda, Noro, Gold Ridge, Savo Island (half
the Island).

•

The  Search  and  Rescue  Unit  of  the  Ministry  of
Fisheries  and  Marine  Resources  operate  a  24x7
HF/VHF radio watch and pass on tsunami warnings
when  received.  These  messages  are  received  by
SIMS.

•

Update May 2009 –

NDMO, through an EU funded project, has

installed HF radios in Provincial Meteorological
and Disaster offices. These use the same radio
frequency.

SIMS has been successfully chosen to be

involved in the first pilot deployment of the
RANET

Chatty

Beetle,

‘wake-up’

communications  technology  for  communities.
New ‘wake-up’  AM radio technologies are also
being considered.

A World Bank initiative is currently working

towards implementing low-cost broadband.

•

Although access to HF radio is very good around the
country  there  is  no  control  over  this  service.
Transmissions  can  be  regularly  interrupted  by  HF
users  who  have  no  formal  licensing.    Previously
there  were  regulations  through  the  Government,
organising  when  people  spoke,  however  these
regulations do not exist now.  An up to date list of HF
users does not currently exist.

•

Satellite access is available through the Iridium
Network but is not currently utilised due to a lack of
technical expertise, funds and equipment.

•

Equipment  and  comprehensive  training  is  required
for  all  facets  of  the  provision  of  a  tsunami  warning
service  from  the  communication  perspective
(including technical and operational).

•

Satellite  phones  exist  in  the  Solomon  Islands
(NDMO, Red Cross, Tourist Operators, and Oxfam)
but are not used 24/7 to receive warnings.  They are
normally  used  for  emergency  coordination  when
people are alerted to activate them.  NDMO has a list
of numbers.

•

SMS (from PTWC) to individuals phones was the
only system on which the 1 April 2007 tsunami
message was received in spite of EMWIN and AFTN
systems existing (GTS is not currently operating but
will be restored soon).

Recommendations:

14. That consideration is given to providing a set of common dedicated HF frequencies that would only be used

during times of disaster.

15. Formally review and develop strategies to implement an alternative means of providing multi-hazard warnings

from that of SIBC broadcasts. For example, alternative technologies such as ‘wake-up’ AM radio and the Chatty
Beetle.

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5.3.7.

5.3.7. Tsunami Emergency Response (including evacuation)

Tsunami Emergency Response (including evacuation)

Strengths:

Opportunities for Improvement:

•

Draft Solomon Islands NEOC, SOPs January 2008
exist. Benefits include:

•

Definition of responsibilities of the Provincial
Emergency Operations Centres and the NEOC.

•

Defines disasters and organisations responsible
(during the response and recovery phase).

•

Provides templates for use during the disasters such
as a template for a “Situation Progress Report” and
“Damage Assessment Summary” log.

•

The  SIPF  have  authority  by  law  (the  Police  Act)  to
evacuate the public (supported by Fire Brigade and
NDMO).    In  areas  where  Police  operate  (Honiara
and  Urban  Centres)  the  Ministry  of  Police  are  the
key  evacuation  agency.    Villages  have  their  own
arrangements.

•

As a result of 2 April event and a lessons learned
exercise, there is currently an initiative for the
development

nine

Provincial

Disaster

Coordinators underway. There is two months left
before their training is complete.

•

As  a  result  of  2  April  event  and  a  lessons  learned
exercise,  the  SIPF  have  revisited  their  SOPs  and
are making appropriate changes.

•

SIPF have an “Operations Centre Manual – S.O.P”
for flood, storm and tsunami.

•

SIPF procedures are regularly tested and exercised.

•

Lessons learned and reports from various agencies
and organisations are utilised to review current plans
and identify gaps and needs.

•

Procedures to access National funds for disaster
response through cabinet exist.

•

No  tsunami  specific  emergency  response  plan
exists.  It is the intention that this plan would form an
annexure  to  the  Response  to  Disasters  and
Organisational Responsibilities.

•

No  tsunami  evacuation  plan  exists.    No  evacuation
maps,  routes,  assembly  points,  shelters  or  signage
for  tsunami  evacuation  exists  for  the  Solomon
Islands.

•

NDMO procedures are not tested or exercised.

•

NDMO  is  not  staffed  24/7.    Currently  a  duty  officer
arrangement is in place that means NDMO staff are
available on a call-out basis via mobile phone.  The
Police  act  as  a  back  up  if  the  NDMO  duty  officer
can’t be located.

•

Update May 2009 –

The Solomon Islands Tsunami Response Plan

is one third complete but needs technical input
to be completed.

Templates for evacuation plans will be

developed and rolled out as part of the PCIDRR
project (refer below under “Public and
stakeholder awareness and education”).

The Solomon Islands participated in Pacific

Wave  2008  and  would  like  to  include  a  regular
exercise  regime  in  their  Tsunami  Response
Plan.

The disaster preparedness and emergency

response  system  is  currently  being  reviewed
through  the  review  of  the  Act,  committee
structure  and  National,  Provincial  and  agency
response plans.  The Solomon Islands will also
in

2010

undertake

the

Disaster

Risk

Management National Action Planning process.

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Tsu

Tsunami Emergency Response (including evacuation)

nami Emergency Response (including evacuation)

nami Emergency Response (including evacuation) ((((Continued

Continued

Continued))))

Recommendations:

16. The highest priority is given to the development of a Tsunami Response plan that clearly defines the roles,

functions, authorities and responsibilities of all organisations and agencies (public and private sector) at the
National and Provincial levels.

17. Through the PCIDRR and ongoing work of the NDMO Provincial Disaster Coordinators, identify and advertise

evacuation routes for communities.

18. Develop mechanisms to ensure that international bodies are aware of existing arrangements to coordinate

assessments undertaken post a natural disaster (MMERE focal point for technical assessments and SIOAC
regional focal point) and that results, including full reports, are provided and archived locally.

19. Through NDC and committees ensure comprehensive formal event reviews are undertaken for each tsunami

event (and other emergencies/disasters) that occurs. Ensure the results of these reviews are acted upon and
that reviews are archived.

20. Identify critical infrastructure and lifeline support facilities and develop plans to ensure the availability of minimal

government services after a destructive tsunami, or other natural disasters.

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5.3.8.

5.3.8. Tsunami Hazard, Vulnerability, Risk and Mitigation

Tsunami Hazard, Vulnerability, Risk and Mitigation

Strengths:

Opportunities for Improvement:

•

A draft building code exists.

•

Update May 2009 – Inundation studies of the areas
affected by the Gizo tsunami of April 2007 have
been completed.

•

The  building  code  has  been  in  draft  for  almost  20
years  and  is  now  ready  for  cabinet.    Aus/NZ
standards  are  used.    The  building  code  will  be
difficult to enforce and will be used in an all hazards
context.  There is currently  little regard for land  use
restrictions  and  building  in  disaster  prone  areas  is
common  practice.    Improvements  in  land  use  will
only  occur  through  the  enforcement  of  the  building
code  and  other  regulations  pertaining  to  land  use
etc.  The building code applies only  in Honiara and
urban  centres.    Alternative  options  for  rural
communities need to be developed.

•

MMERE  are  tasked  to  undertake  tsunami  specific
hazard  mapping  but  currently  have  no  budget  to
complete this work.  A proposal is being prepared to
receive  support  from  SOPAC  on  completion  of  this
task.

•

No  tsunami  modelling,  including  inundation  studies,
have  been  completed  for  the  Solomon  Islands
(MMERE  plans  to  do  this  in  the  future).    Some
accurate  bathymetry  exists  at  some  locations,
however  these  studies  were  undertaken  by  the
Japanese and the data is not currently  available in-
country.  Satellite  topography  data  for  the  entire
Solomon Islands is available (with 40meter contours
for  the  country  and  5meter  contours  for  Honiara).
Available  data  is  outlined  in  the  report  “Inventory  of
Geospatial  Data  and  Options  for  Tsunami
Inundation& Risk Modelling” (SOPAC 2008).

Recommendations:

21. Use the tsunami hazard studies that have been completed for the Southwest Pacific Nations to date, and any

historical tsunami records, to identify low-lying communities which may be potentially prone to tsunami impacts
from all likely tsunami sources and develop and include hazard maps in the disaster response plan and
associated evacuation plans.

22. Acquire the necessary baseline data (high resolution topography and bathymetry) for populated coastlines as

part of a multi-hazard mapping activity to assist in assessment of the tsunami risk in the Solomon Islands.

23. For urban centres - develop a strategy for the recognition and adherence to the current Building Code combined

with a risk management strategy in terms of disaster threat for new developments. For villages – develop a
village carpenters manual including building placement considerations with regard to natural hazards (especially
important for public buildings that become evacuation centres).

24. Investigate the feasibility and options for conducting a modelling study to calculate inundation from tsunami at

identified locations throughout the Solomon Islands.

25. Locate and archive bathymetry data from previous studies undertaken of Honiara, Gizo, Noro, Marovo and Savo

Island.

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5.3.9.

5.3.9. Public a

Public a

Public and Stakeholder Awareness and Education

nd Stakeholder Awareness and Education

Strengths:

Opportunities for Improvement:

•

The  ancestral  heritage  “run  to  high  ground  after  an
earthquake”  passed  onto  younger  generations  by
survivors  of  small,  historic  tsunamis  triggered  an
immediate  spontaneous  self  evacuation  in  some
communities  during  the  2  April  2007  Solomon
Islands tsunami.

•

There  is  currently  a  curriculum  education  and
awareness  program  being  developed  (through
cooperation  between  the  Ministry  of  Education,
NDMO and MMERE) and trialled across all levels of
the  education  system  as  well  as  weekly  one  hour
radio  sessions  and  information  stalls.    Further
private sector funding is required.  Feedback on the
effectiveness  of  the  various  approaches  would
improve future education programs.

•

There  are  currently  no  tsunami  memorials  or
museums  in  the  Solomon  Islands  but  the  Western
Province  is  planning  to  have  an  annual  “Day  of
Remembrance” applicable to the 2007 event.

•

Tsunami training programmes are provided for the
media by NDMO and partners.

•

Community  education  coverage  is  quite  good  with
the  joint  efforts  of  the  Red  Cross,  Solomon  Islands
Development Trust (STDT) and NDMO.

•

This ancestral heritage could be more widely
disseminated to assist in community awareness for
tsunami events in the future.

•

Further private sector funding is required for the
curriculum education and awareness program.
Travel to remote islands is expensive and can hinder
community awareness and preparedness efforts.

•

An assessment of public awareness has not been
completed for tsunami in the Solomon Islands.

•

Strengthening the traditional warning systems.

•

Update May 2009 –

AusAID funding has been used for multi-hazard

wall calendars and posters for schools and
Government departments.

The Solomon Islands is included in the Pacific

Community  Focused  Integrated  Disaster  Risk
Reduction  (PCIDRR)  project  managed  by  the
National  Council  of  Churches  Australia  and
funded  by  AusAID.    Under  this  project  the
Solomon  Islands  have  two  NDMO  trained  field
officers  who  will  be  accompanied  by  Provincial
Disaster  Officers  to  run  village  workshops.
These  workshops  will  focus  on  education  and
awareness  and  non-structural  DRR  such  as
evacuation  planning,  risk  assessments  and
development of disaster committees and plans.
The project is three years duration with the field
officers visiting two villages per month.

At a Tertiary level, introduction to disaster

management has been integrated into the third
year nursing curriculum.

NDMO’s budget spent on education through the

media.

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Public and Stakeho

Public and Stakeholder Awareness and Education

lder Awareness and Education

lder Awareness and Education ((((Continued

Continued

Continued))))

Recommendations:

26. Continue to widely disseminate the traditional knowledge acquired via the Provincial Disaster Coordinator

initiative and other tsunami awareness initiatives which focus on emergency response to tsunami warnings and
natural tsunami warning signs.

27. Maintain and where possible enhance the current momentum to integrate the disaster awareness initiative

throughout all levels of the education curriculum.

28. NDMO and Ministry of Education liaise to develop a training program for teaching staff conducting tsunami (and

multi-hazard) awareness classes as well as developing teaching tools.

29. Integrate an evaluation mechanism into community awareness and preparedness programs to ensure the

continued improvement of these programs by focusing on successful methodologies.

30. Maintain and enhance the current multi-hazard community awareness media campaigns.

31. Develop a media awareness program to raise the community awareness of the importance and need for the

respect of early warning equipment. For example, Solar panels on sea-level instrumentation. .

32. Develop and implement appropriate community activities to assess the community understanding and response

to tsunami warnings in an appropriate and timely manner.

33. Introduce a competency-based training approach to the development of skills and knowledge in the field of

disaster management, including scientific knowledge regarding tsunami science and warnings (SIMS and
MMERE), to further enhance skills.

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5.4.

5.4. Additional Workshop Bene

Additional Workshop Bene

Additional Workshop Benefits

fits

In addition to this report, additional benefits of the Tsunami Capacity Assessment Workshop in Solomon
Islands were:

• Facilitation of working relationships between agencies and organisations involved in tsunami

warning and mitigation within the Solomon Islands;

• Exchange of information on National activities and capabilities within the Solomon Islands;

• Enhanced working relationships between the Solomon Island participants, the Australian Bureau,

EMA and SOPAC; and

• Enhanced understanding and appreciation by the assessment team and Project of the challenges

faced by the Solomon Island communities.

5.5.

5.5. Next Steps

Next Steps

The Solomon Islands will receive three key material outcomes from the Tsunami Capacity Assessment
project:

1. The completed questionnaire in electronic format with scanned copies of all supporting

documentation collected in-country:

2. A comprehensive National Report in a standard format which aims to summaries information

collected from the visits and is consumable for non-technically minded recipients (this document);
and

3. A copy of the final Regional Report which will outline common themes across the region.

At the agreement of the country project results will be posted on websites such as the Australian Bureau,
SOPAC and Pacific Disaster Net.

Once  approved  by  the  country  the  Bureau  will  facilitate  dissemination  of  reports  to  regional  and
international donors and other stakeholders to ensure maximum exposure of results.  Contingent on the
availability  of  human  and  financial  resources,  the  Bureau  and  project  partners  will  aim  to  work  with
potential donors to bring the findings of this project to their attention on a country and regional scale.  This
will be done to facilitate further capacity development projects being undertaken based on the results of
this project. .

Solomon  Islands  workshop  participants  are  encouraged  to  use  this  National  Tsunami  Capacity
Assessment  report  to  guide  both  national  projects  and  aid  funded  projects  to  achieve  targeted
improvements of the Solomon Islands tsunami warning and mitigation system.  In turn, this will assist in
improving systems for other natural hazards.

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6. Annexure

Annexure

6.1.

6.1. Annexure 1:

Annexure 1:

Record of Participants

Organisation

Position

Title

First

Name

Last

Name

Postal Address

Telephone

Fax

Mobile

E-mail

Solomon
Islands
Meteorology
Service

Weather
Forecaster

Michael

Siau

PO Box 21 Honiara

27658

23029

77985

forecast@met.gov.sb

Solomon
Islands
Christian
Association
(SICA)

General
Secretary

Rev

Philemon Riti

PO Box 1335 Honiara (677) 23350

97344

gasica@solomon.com.sb
sicacom@solomon.com.sb

Ministry of
Infrastructure
Development

Chief Civil
Engineer

Jimmy

Nuake

PO Box 1213
Honiara

21201

28705

91564

nuakej@hotmail.com

Ministry of
Mines and
Rural
Electrification

Principal
Vulcanologist

Thomas

Toba

PO Box
G37 Honiara

(677) 21522

(677)
25811

92940

t_toba@mines.gov.sb

National
Disaster
Management
Office

Provincial
Disaster
Coordinator

Chris

Neo

PO Box G11 Honiara

27936

Neo_chris007@yahoo.com

Oxfam

Disaster
Management
Program
Office

Rex

Tara

PO Box 1377 Honiara 22004

23134

rext@oxfam.org.au

Solomon
Islands
Development
Trust

SIDT Disaster
Program
Officer

Joseph

Major

PO Box 147 Honiara

23409

21131

79316

jmajor_sidt@yahoo.com.au