untitled

COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT PLAN VAA O FONOTI DISTRICT AND SAUANO/SALETELE VILLAGES

IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES

Table of Contents

Introduction to the CIM Plan

Implementation Guidelines

Participants in the Plan

Vaa o Fonoti District Infrastructure

Uafato Village Infrastructure

Samamea Village Infrastructure

Lona Village Infrastructure

Maasina Village Infrastructure

Taelefaga Village Infrastructure

Salimu Village Infrastructure

Saletele Village Infrastructure

Sauano Village Infrastructure

Faleapuna Village Infrastructure

G l o s s a r y

Coastal Hazard Zones –

Defined areas landward of the coast which are or are considered likely to be subject to the effects of hazards
over a defined assessment period. In this study, reference is made to four coastal hazard zones: ASCHs (areas
sensitive to coastal hazards); CEHZs (coastal erosion hazard zones); CFHZs (coastal flood hazard zones) and
CLHZs (coastal landslip hazard zones).

“Do Minimum” option -

A Management option that involves continuing with the present maintenance and upgrading programme on
an as and when required basis.

Hazard -

A source of potential harm or a situation with a potential to cause loss.

Infrastructure –

Built structures and networks which support the national, regional or local community.

Lifeline infrastructure

Infrastructure that contributes directly to the survival of the community and its ability to respond and
recover at the time of extreme events.

Secondary infrastructure

Infrastructure that contributes to the every-day development of the community.

Implementation Guidelines – A document to guide land use and resource practices to achieve specified goals, objectives and policies and

provide a framework for the implementation of defences and works.

Issue –

A specific concern regarding both cause and effect.

Land and Resource Use –

The use of land and resources by the community for social, economic or other benefit (e.g. land use includes
areas used for villages or crops, resource use includes activities such as sand mining, gravel extraction or
fishing).

Monitoring –

Process of measuring the effectiveness or impacts of projects and works against predicted standards, levels or
outcomes.

Resilience -

The ability to be adaptive, responsive and quick to recover.

Community Resilience

–

The ability for the community to be adaptive, responsive and quick to recover from the adverse effects
of hazard.

Natural Resilience

–

The ability of natural systems to be adaptive, responsive and quick to recover from coastal processes
or hazards.

Risk –

The chance of something happening that will have an impact on objectives. It is measured in terms of
consequence and likelihood. In the Coastal Infrastructure Management Plan context it is the likelihood that
infrastructure will be subject to coastal hazards and the potential for loss of property, life or land due to
natural processes.

Stakeholders -

Those people and organisations who may affect, be affected by, or perceive themselves to be affected by, a
decision or activity. The term stakeholder may also include interested parties.

Strategy –

Direction or course of action to achieve a defined vision.

Susceptibility -

The degree to which infrastructure at risk is likely to be damaged by coastal hazards and how easy/difficult,
expensive/cheap it is to replace. In the context of the CIM Plan the term susceptibility is equivalent to the
term vulnerability as the Samoan phrase for both susceptibility and vulnerability is the same.

Vision –

A desired destiny.

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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES

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Introduction to the CIM Plan

T h e S t r a t e g i c V i s i o n

The District Coastal Infrastructure Management (CIM) Plan for Vaa o Fonoti District and the villages of Sauano Saetele in Anoamaa East has
been prepared as part of the Government of Samoa’s Infrastructure Asset Management Programme (IAMP). The CIM Plan is one of the
primary means of implementing the CIM Strategy, which was formally approved by the Government of Samoa in February, 2001, as
providing the Strategic direction for the management of infrastructure (both public and private) within the coastal area.

The Strategy has as its central vision “Resilience – Coastal Infrastructure and Communities Resilient to Natural Hazards”. The CIM Plan
takes this vision and provides the practical tools with which the communities and the government, in partnership, can implement the
Strategy.

To be resilient is to be adaptive, responsive and quick to recover so that communities are environmentally, socially and economically

sustainable.

(CIM Strategy, January 2001).

T h e A i m o f t h e C I M P l a n

The Aim of the CIM Plan is to help communities and government improve resilience by identifying actions and solutions. Not all the
solutions may be actioned immediately but the plan will ensure that issues and options are identified for the long-term improvement in
resilience of both infrastructure and communities.

The CIM Plan will:

1. Improve the community’s awareness of coastal hazard risks;

2. Enable the community and infrastructure providers to reduce coastal hazard risks in villages;

3. Enable the community and infrastructure providers to better adapt, respond and recover from cyclones.

S t r u c t u r e o f t h e P l a n

The CIM Plan consists of two parts each serving a separate and distinct purpose.

•

Plan Development, which describes the process undertaken in preparing the CIM Plan in conjunction with representatives of the
Communities involved and the Government and other stakeholders with interests in the Plan area.

•

Implementation Guidelines, which describes the Plans and Actions recommended as outcomes of the process, together with the partner
responsible for implementing these outcomes. The participants of the CIM Plan preparation process are acknowledged in the
Implementation Guidelines.

Implementation Guidelines

P u r p o s e o f t h e I m p l e m e n t a t i o n G u i d e l i n e s

The Implementation Guidelines describe the solutions proposed that will increase the resilience of the villages in the Plan area and the ways
these solutions can be implemented. The solutions are presented for each of the infrastructure items that have moderate to low resilience.
Where one solution will provide benefits to other items of infrastructure these “Other Benefits” are also noted. Implementation is
considered to be the joint responsibility of both the villages and the government in partnership. The government is responsible for the
provision of national and district “Public”, infrastructure, while villages are responsible for local and community infrastructure. The
responsibility for implementing the proposed actions is also defined. Solutions for both District infrastructure and Village infrastructure,
and the responsibility of both partners, should be considered together as they combine to provide for the integrated management of all
coastal infrastructure.

The solutions for village infrastructure will usually be the responsibility of the Village and Families in the village to implement. Advice and
resources may be available from government to assist the village in implementing these solutions. In most situations these solutions will also
provide benefits to both village and district infrastructure and should be considered an integral part of managing coastal infrastructure at
both levels.

D u r a t i o n o f t h e P l a n

The CIM Plan should be reviewed at five-yearly intervals. During the Plan period, the solutions implemented will be monitored to ensure
that they are effective in improving resilience. Some solutions are likely to take longer than five years to implement and the review will take
the progress of these into account.

The review of the Implementation Guidelines and the solutions proposed will be undertaken:

As part of the Five-yearly CIM Plan review programme.

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IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES

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Once implemented, the solutions will be monitored on either an annual or five-yearly basis to check the effectiveness of the solution.
Detailed implementation of the solution will determine the monitoring requirements and Key Performance Indicators.

Participants in the Plan

The CIM Plan is a Partnership between the Government of Samoa and the villages within the Plan area. Both partners have responsibility
for different levels of infrastructure in the local communities and the Plan gives an integrated approach to the provision of services and
improvement of resilience now and in the future.

This Plan incorporates the Faipule District of Vaa o Fonoti and the villages of Sauano Saletele in Anoamaa East.

The Committee for the Faipule District of Vaa o Fonoti and the villages of Sauano and Saletele, confirms the participation of the Villages in
the preparation of this Coastal Infrastructure Management Plan in partnership with the Government of Samoa and its adoption as a
Management Plan for the implementation of the Coastal Infrastructure Management Strategy.

Village Meetings:

Village Representatives:

•

Uafato

12 June 2002

•

Samamea

13 June 2002

•

Lona

14 June 2002

•

Maasina

17 June 2002

•

Taelefaga

18 June 2002

•

Salimu/Musumusu

19 June 2002

•

Saletele

19 June 2002

•

Faleapuna

20 June 2002

•

Sauano

21 June 2002

The CIM Plan Committee representing all of the Villages in the area met on 24 June 2002.
Comments on the draft CIM Plan were received from the Committee on 2 August 2002.

Government Departments and Corporations:

•

Department of Lands, Survey and Environment

•

Ministry of Internal Affairs

•

Treasury Department

•

Ministry of Works

The Department of Lands, Survey and Environment, as lead Department of
Government, on behalf of the participating Government Departments and
Corporations, confirms the participation of the Government of Samoa in the
preparation of this Coastal Infrastructure Management Plan and its adoption as a
Management Plan for the implementation of the Coastal Infrastructure
Management Strategy.

•

Samoa Water Authority

•

Electric Power Corporation

Signed:

•

Samoa Communications Ltd

Director of Lands Survey and Environment

•

Samoa Land Corporation

Date:

The Government of Samoa adopts the Coastal Infrastructure Management Plan for the Faipule District of Vaa o Fonoti and the villages
of Sauano and Saletele as a Management Plan for the implementation of the Coastal Infrastructure Management Strategy (CIMS).

Signed:

Minister of Lands, Survey and Environment, Government of Samoa

COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT PLAN VAA O FONOTI DISTRICT AND SAUANO/SALETELE VILLAGES

IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES

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Vaa o Fonoti District Infrastructure

Infrastructure

Best Solutions and Other Solutions Proposed

Other Benefits

Implementation Guidelines

Main East Coast
Road

• To implement a regular drainage inspection programme

in the District and to ensure that maintenance is
undertaken regularly.

• To undertake a local education programme on the

importance of maintaining drains.

• To upgrade cross-section, surface and drainage of

inland work roads at their intersection with the Main
East Coast Road.

Responsibility: Ministry of Works

•  Water
•  Electricity
•  Telephone
•  Village

houses

• Undertake inspection of culverts along the Main South

Coast Road.

• Identify areas of flooding along Main South Coast Road

and arrange programme for remedying problem including
upgrading culverts and clearing/maintaining roadside
drains.

• Ensure that drainage is directed away from cliff faces to

minimise the risk of further landslips.

• Implement education programme on importance of

maintaining roadside drains.

Afulilo Dam
causeway

• To replace with a structure that does not become

impassable during periods of high flows

Responsibility: Ministry of Works

• Village

houses

• Identify funding/budget requirements and implementation

programme for construction and development.

• Undertake detailed feasibility study in accordance with

CIM Strategy Evaluation Model Step 6.

• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessment.

Falefa River Bridge • Replace bridge

Responsibility: Ministry of Works

NOTE: the bridge is scheduled for replacement by the
Ministry of Works

• Villages

houses

• Identify funding/budget requirements and implementation

programme for construction and development.

• Undertake detailed feasibility study in accordance with

CIM Strategy Evaluation Model Step 6.

• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessment.

• To replace the ford at the Taelefaga wetlands with a

structure that does not adversely impact on tidal flow
and the health of the wetland.

Responsibility: Ministry of Works

•  Water
•  Electricity
•  Telephone
•  Villages

houses

• Identify funding/budget requirements and implementation

programme for construction and development.

• Undertake detailed feasibility study in accordance with

CIM Strategy Evaluation Model Step 6.

• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessment.

Coastal road,
including
culverts and
fords, serving
Sauano, Fagaloa
and Uafato Bays

• To implement a regular drainage inspection programme

in the District and to ensure that maintenance is
undertaken regularly.

• To undertake a local education programme on the

importance of maintaining drains.

• To ensure that the existing drains and culverts are large

enough, and in the right place, to clear flood waters
quickly.

• Provide new culverts, drains and fords where required

to improve the overland flow of stormwater and reduce
flooding behind the road.

Responsibility: Ministry of Works

•  Water
•  Electricity
•  Telephone
•  Villages

houses

• Undertake inspection of culverts along the Main East Coast

Road.

• Identify areas of flooding along Main East Coast Road and

arrange programme for remedying problem including
upgrading culverts and clearing/maintaining roadside
drains.

• Implement education programme on importance of

maintaining roadside drains.

• To relocate the existing coastal road further inland at

Lona to improve resilience and provide for development
inland.

Estimated length of road

750m

Estimated cost

$T97,500

Benefit/cost ratio

2.71

Responsibility: Ministry of Works

•  Water
•  Electricity
•  Telephone
•  Villages

houses

• Identify funding/budget requirements and implementation

programme for construction and development.

• Undertake detailed feasibility study in accordance with

CIM Strategy Evaluation Model Step 6.

• Select final alignment in consultation with villages.
• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessment.

• To provide a 50-year design seawall to manage erosion

along the main area of beach at Lona.

Estimated length of seawall

300m

Estimated cost

$T122,000

Benefit/cost ratio

1.44

Note: The relative benefit of a relocated road is twice that of a
seawall. If a replacement road is constructed, this option may
no longer be required

Responsibility: Ministry of Works

•  Water
•  Electricity
•  Telephone
•  Village

houses

• Identify funding/budget requirements and implementation

programme for construction and development.

• Undertake detailed feasibility study in accordance with

CIM Strategy Evaluation Model Step 6.

• Select final alignment in consultation with villages.
• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessment.

Coastal road,
including
culverts and
fords, serving
Fagaloa and
Uafato Bays

• To extend the end of the existing seawall at Sauano

approximately 50 metres to allow for a better tie-in to the
coast and back-fill eroded area to increase buffer to road

Immediate action required to ensure “lifeline” access is
maintained

Responsibility: Ministry of Works

•  Water
•  Electricity
•  Telephone
•  Village

houses

• Identify funding/budget requirements and implementation

programme for construction and development.

• Undertake detailed feasibility study in accordance with

CIM Strategy Evaluation Model Step 6.

• Select final alignment in consultation with villages.
• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessment.

COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT PLAN VAA O FONOTI DISTRICT AND SAUANO/SALETELE VILLAGES

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• To relocate the existing coastal road inland of the

wetland at Taelefaga to provide for development inland.

Estimated length of road

750m

Estimated cost

$T97,500

Benefit/cost ratio

2.30

Responsibility: Ministry of Works

•  Water
•  Electricity
•  Telephone
•  Village

houses

• Identify funding/budget requirements and implementation

programme for construction and development.

• Undertake detailed feasibility study in accordance with

CIM Strategy Evaluation Model Step 6.

• Select final alignment in consultation with villages.
• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessment.

Infrastructure

Best Solutions and Other Solutions Proposed

Other Benefits

Implementation Guidelines

Television
services

• Improve TV services.

Responsibility: Samoa Communications Ltd

• Villages

houses

• Include provision for expansion of television service in

future programmes to allow for better communications and
cyclone warning.

Electricity and
telephone lines in
CEHZ

• Provision of underground electricity and telephone

lines.

• Avoid co-location of telephone and electricity lines on

the same poles.

Responsibility: Samoa Communications Ltd/ Electric
Power Corporation

• Include provision for underground electricity and

telephone lines where practical and feasible in future
programmes.

• Co-ordinate distribution networks to avoid overloading

poles and contributing to line failure.

• Provide telephone services to Uafato, Saletele and

Sauano.

• Provide an upgraded mobile telephone network

Responsibility: Samoa Communications Ltd

• Village

houses

• Include provision for expansion of mobile telephone

network and overland services in future programmes.

District Clinics at
Salimu and
Sauano

• To relocate outside CFHZ when buildings require

replacement or to ensure investment within the hazard
zones is considered in relation to the potential for damage
from coastal erosion and flooding

Responsibility: District, Ministry of Health

• District decision when building to provide long-term

protection from erosion and flooding.

• District decision to relocate in the long-term.

Wetlands at
Faleapuna and
Taelefaga

• Government and villages to manage development adjacent

to wetland areas and streams including reclamations, to
minimise further adverse environmental effects of
encroachment and land-use activities.

• Incorporate important wetland areas as Conservation Areas

and provide Management Plans for these areas.

• Encourage the replanting of mangroves in areas currently

eroding and provide protection of these areas from
domestic animals.

Responsibility: Department of Lands, Survey and
Environment/Villages

• Villages

houses

• Joint responsibility of the partners to prepare Management

Plans for the conservation of the areas.

• Preparation of Environmental Impact Assessments for any

work to be carried out in or adjacent to the Conservation
Areas before the work is started.

• Ensure newly planted areas are fenced and protected from

intrusion by domestic animals.

Siosiomaga Office
at Uafato

• Relocate to a safe area outside the CEHZ and the CFHZ

when required.

Responsibility: Siosiomaga Society

• Siosiomaga Society decision when building to provide

long-term protection from erosion and flooding.

• Siosiomaga Society decision to relocate in the long-term.

All infrastructure
including the
lagoon and reef
systems.

• Government to manage commercial sandmining in the

District in partnership with villages.

• Identify alternative sustainable sources of sand for

commercial supply.

Responsibility: Department of Lands, Survey and
Environment/Villages

• Villages

houses

• Identify specific sites for near shore sustainable sand

mining to meet commercial demand without depleting
coastal resources.

• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessments for identified

sites.

•

Government to determine commercial sandmining permit
applications only after full consideration of the EIA
presented and the actual and potential effects on the
location and adjacent land and villages.

• Investigate improving access to Fagaloa and Uafato Bay

via either the existing coastal path which passes
through Sauano Bay, or the inland route which
connects Lemafa pass with Taelefaga.

NOTE: The Ministry of Works propose to seal Fagaloa Bay
road as far as Uafato

Responsibility: Ministry of Works/Villages

• Villages

houses

• Identify funding/budget requirements and implementation

programme for construction and development.

• Undertake detailed feasibility study in accordance with

CIM Strategy Evaluation Model Step 6.

• Select final alignment in consultation with villages.
• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessment.

• Ongoing monitoring of the effects of discharges from

Afulilo Dam.

Responsibility: Electric Power Corporation/Villages

• Villages

houses

• Undertake independent monitoring to establish baseline

data on the health of the reef system and marine life.

• Information to be made available to villages
• Villages to be consulted before future works are undertaken

on the Dam.

Note: Refer to Maps to see proposed alignments and locations of intervention solutions.

F u r t h e r I s s u e s R a i s e d D u r i n g t h e C I M P l a n P r o c e s s

The following issues have been raised in consultation but fall outside the scope of the CIM Plan as it relates to infrastructure that is not at risk from coastal

hazards. The issue is recorded for further investigation by the responsible agencies so that they may programme a suitable response as part of their

Annual Plan and budget processes.

Issue

Responsibility

Comment

COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT PLAN VAA O FONOTI DISTRICT AND SAUANO/SALETELE VILLAGES

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The provision of a

reliable water supply

Samoa Water Authority

Water is a significant issue in the district and the provision of a reliable supply of water for

domestic use is necessary for the health and safety of the community. The existing water supply

and distribution networks are not at risk from coastal hazards and therefore the issue lies outside

the scope of this Coastal Infrastructure Management Plan.

Possible solutions may include upgrading the existing water supply and distribution networks or

the provision of roof water collection tanks to provide for domestic supply.

The issue is recorded as an item for further investigation by the villages and the appropriate

agencies.

The provision of a patrol

boat to monitor and

prosecute illegal fishing

in the District.

Ministry of Agriculture and
Fisheries, Fisheries Department

The provision of a fishing boat is beyond the scope of this Coastal Infrastructure Management

Plan. The issue is recorded as an item for further investigation by the appropriate agencies.

Villagers have also requested that scuba diving be made illegal in the area.

COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT PLAN VAA O FONOTI DISTRICT AND SAUANO/SALETELE VILLAGES

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Identify suitable
alternative sources of
sand

Provide an upgraded
mobile phone network

Provision of underground
electricity and telephone lines

Saletele

Sauano Bay
Road

Anoamaa East
District

CLHZ

Implement regular drainage inspections
and undertake maintance along Fagaloa
Bay Road

Provide new culverts and drains
where required along Fagaloa Bay
Road

Undertake education
campaign on the importance
of maintaining drains.

CFHZ

To ensure that the existing
drains and culverts are large
enough, and in the right
place, to clear flood waters
quickly and keep water from
landslip areas

Investigate alternative
road alignment

Avoid co-location of
telephone and electricity
lines on the same poles.

KEY

CEHZ

Coastal Erosion Hazard Zone

CFHZ

Coastal Flood Hazard Zone

CLHZ

Coastal Landslip Hazard Zone

Roads and Tracks

B ildi

Possible Solutions
Vaa o Fonoti District
and Saletele/ Sauano

(Sauano, Fagaloa and Uafoto Bays)

Scale 1:25,000

CLHZ

Sauano

Lona

Government to manage
commercial sandmining

CEHZ

CLHZ

Salimu

Musumusu

Taelefaga

Samamea

Uafoto

Ongoing monitoring of
the effects of discharges
from Afulilo Dam.

Improve TV services

Provide telephone
services to Uafoto,
Saletele and Sauano.

Investigate alternative
road alignment

To extend the existing
seawall

To investigate and alternative
road alignment and if necessary
provide a new seawall

Replace fords

Salimu Road

Fagaloa Bay Road

Uafoto Bay
Road

Vaa o Fonoti District

FHZ

EHZ

FHZ

LHZ

COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT PLAN VAA O FONOTI DISTRICT AND SAUANO/SALETELE VILLAGES

IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES

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Identify suitable
alternative sources of
sand

Provide an upgraded
mobile phone network

Provision of underground
electricity and telephone lines

Main East
Coast Road

Anoamaa East
District

CLHZ

Implement regular drainage inspections
and undertake maintenance along East
Coast Road

Provide new culverts and drains
where required along East Coast
Road

Undertake education
campaign on the importance
of maintaining drains.

CLHZ

To ensure that the existing
drains and culverts are large
enough, and in the right
place, to clear flood waters
quickly.

Upgrade cross-section, surface
and drainage of inland work
roads at their intersection with
the East Coast Road

Avoid co-location of
telephone and electricity
lines on the same poles.

Possible Solutions
Vaa o Fonoti District, Saletele
and Sauano Villages

(Faleapuna)
Scale 1:14,200

CEHZ

Faleapuna

Lufilufi

Falefa

Government to manage
commercial sandmining

Replace bridge

Main East
Coast Rd

Sauano
Bay Road

Anoamaa East District

Vaa o Fonoti District

Government and village
management of wetlands and
adjacent land to minimise
negative impacts on wetlands

wetland

KEY

CEHZ

Coastal Erosion Hazard Zone

CFHZ

Coastal Flood Hazard Zone

CLHZ

Coastal Landslip Hazard Zone

Roads and Tracks

B ildi

COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT PLAN VAA O FONOTI DISTRICT AND SAUANO/SALETELE VILLAGES

IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES

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Uafato Village Infrastructure

Infrastructure

Best Solutions and Other Solutions Proposed

Other
Benefits

Implementation Guidelines

• To continue to consider building foundations at a level that

takes into account the CFHZ in the vicinity of buildings.

• To relocate outside CEHZ and CFHZ when buildings require

replacement or to ensure investment within the hazard zones is
considered in relation to the potential for damage from coastal
erosion and flooding.

Best long-term solution

Responsibility: Village/Families

• Family decision when building to provide long-

term protection from coastal hazards.

• Village/Family decision to take into account

CLHZ when building new houses.

• Village management of domestic sandmining
• Identify a new sustainable source for domestic sand in the

vicinity.

Responsibility: DLSE/Village

• Village to share with government control over

sand mining activities.

• Identify specific sites for near shore sustainable

sand mining to meet demand without depleting
coastal resources.

• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessments for

identified sites.

• Undertake consultation with village and families

affected by the proposed sand mining.

Village houses
in CEHZ and
CFHZ

• To continue planting vegetation in coastal areas and to protect

plants from damage.

Responsibility: Village/Families

Natural
environment

• Village/Families to recognise the role that

vegetation plays in stabilising coastal areas.

• Areas of accretion to be planted as soon as

practicable with suitable coastal species.

Village houses
and church in the
CFHZ

• To continue to consider building foundations at a level that

takes into account the CFHZ in the vicinity of buildings.

• To relocate outside CFHZ when buildings require replacement

Responsibility: Village/Families

• Family decision when building to provide long-

term protection from flooding.

• Village/Family decision to relocate in the long-

term or when building new houses.

• To upgrade work roads to provide for development inland.
Estimated length of road

400 m

Estimated cost

$T52,000

Benefit/cost ratio

2.78

Responsibility: Village/Families/Ministry of Works

All
infrastructure
within the
CEHZ and/or
CFHZ

• Provide a new seawall to a 50-year design standard to the east of the

village.

Approximate length of seawall:

200m

Approximate cost of seawall

$T81,000

Benefit/Cost ratio

1.07

Responsibility: Village/Families/Ministry of Works

• Identify funding/budget requirements and

implementation programme for construction and
development.

• Undertake detailed feasibility study in

accordance with CIM Strategy Evaluation Model
Step 6.

• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessment.

NOTE: Straightening the river has also been included in the assessment of options. It is considered unlikely that straightening the river
would reduce the amount or area of flooding as this area is low-lying and water will naturally flow into it. The construction of a new
inland road along the existing work road to connect with Richardson road has also been considered in the assessment of options. The
estimated cost of the road is $T780,000 and an economic analysis shows that the cost of the road would be almost three times the benefits it
would provide..

KEY

CEHZ

Coastal Erosion Hazard Zone

CFHZ

Coastal Flood Hazard Zone

CLHZ

Coastal Landslip Hazard Zone

Roads and Tracks

Uafoto Bay Road

Lagoon

Plant vegetation
along coast

CLHZ

Possible
seawall
location

CFHZ

Erosion

Inland
flooding

Uafoto

To continue planting vegetation
in coastal areas and to protect
plants from damage.

Possible Solutions
Uafoto Village

Scale 1: 12,600

To ensure investment within the
hazard zones is considered in
relation to the potential for damage
from coastal erosion and flooding

To relocate outside CEHZ when
buildings require replacement or to
ensure investment within the hazard
zones is considered in relation to the
potential for damage

Identify a sustainable
source of sand in the
vicinity

Village management of
domestic sand-mining.

CEHZ

Construct new road
for development
inland

Damaged
culverts
(refer section

COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT PLAN VAA O FONOTI DISTRICT AND SAUANO/SALETELE VILLAGES

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Samamea Village Infrastructure

Infrastructure

Best Solutions and Other Solutions Proposed

Other Benefits

Implementation Guidelines

• Village management of domestic sandmining
• Identify a new sustainable source for domestic sand in the

vicinity.

Responsibility: DLSE/Village

• Village to share with government control over sand

mining activities.

• Identify specific sites for near shore sustainable

sand mining to meet demand without depleting
coastal resources.

• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessments for

identified sites.

• Undertake consultation with village and families

affected by the proposed sand mining.

• To relocate outside CEHZ and CFHZ when buildings

require replacement or to ensure investment within the
hazard zones is considered in relation to the potential for
damage from coastal erosion and flooding.

Best long-term solution

Responsibility: Village/Families

• Family decision when building to provide long-

term protection from erosion.

• Village/Family decision to relocate in the long-

term or when building new houses.

Village houses in
CEHZ and CFHZ

• To continue planting vegetation in coastal areas and to

protect plants from damage.

Responsibility: Village/Families

• Natural

Environment

• Village/Families to recognise the role that

vegetation plays in stabilising coastal areas.

• Areas of accretion to be planted as soon as

practicable with suitable coastal species.

Village houses and
church in the CFHZ

• To continue to consider building foundations at a level that

takes into account the CFHZ in the vicinity of buildings.

• To relocate outside CFHZ when buildings require

replacement

Responsibility: Village/Families

• Family decision when building to provide long-

term protection from flooding.

• Village/Family decision to relocate in the long-

term or when building new houses.

NOTE:

The construction of a new inland road has also been considered in the assessment of options. This option was not considered feasible,

on account of the lack of suitable areas further inland in which to relocate to. Consideration has also been given to the construction of new
seawalls to provide protection to the main part of the village, and to the coastal road. An economic analysis shows that the costs of providing
a 100m long wall to protect the road will be nearly twice the benefits it provides to the community. The costs of providing a 250m long wall
to protect the main part of the village will be 1.3 times greater than the benefits it provides to the community.

Possible Solutions
Samamea Village

Scale 1:12,600

Lagoon

Uafoto Bay
Road

CFHZ

To relocate outside the hazard zones or to
ensure investment in the hazard zones is
considered in relation to the potential
d

Village management of
domestic sand-mining.

Identify a sustainable source
for domestic sand in the

To continue planting
vegetation in coastal areas
and to protect plants from
damage

Regular repair
of road required

CLHZ

Erosion

Inland flooding

Illegal
sandmining

Samamea

Fagaloa Bay
Road

Damaged
Culverts

KEY

CEHZ

Coastal Erosion Hazard Zone

CFHZ

Coastal Flood Hazard Zone

CLHZ

Coastal Landslip Hazard Zone

Roads and Tracks

Building

COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT PLAN VAA O FONOTI DISTRICT AND SAUANO/SALETELE VILLAGES

IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES

Page 10

Lona Village Infrastructure

Infrastructure

Best Solutions and Other Solutions Proposed

Other Benefits

Implementation Guidelines

• Village management of domestic sand mining
• Identify a new sustainable source for domestic sand in the

vicinity.

Responsibility: DLSE/Village

Natural
environment

• Village to share with government control over sand

mining activities.

• Identify specific sites for near shore sustainable

sand mining to meet demand without depleting
coastal resources.

• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessments for

identified sites.

• Undertake consultation with villages affected by

the proposed sand mining.

• To relocate outside CEHZ and CFHZ when buildings

require replacement or to ensure investment within the
hazard zones is considered in relation to the potential for
damage from coastal erosion and flooding.

• To ensure investment within the hazard zones is

considered in relation to the potential for damage from
coastal erosion

Best long-term solution

Responsibility: Village/Families

• Family decision when building to provide long-

term protection from coastal erosion and flooding.

• Village/Family decision to relocate in the long-term

or when building new houses.

Village houses and
church in CEHZ and
CFHZ

• To continue planting vegetation in coastal areas and to

protect plants from damage.

Responsibility: Village/Families

• Natural

Environment

• Village/Families to recognise the role that

vegetation plays in stabilising coastal areas.

• Areas of accretion to be planted as soon as

practicable with suitable coastal species.

Village houses in the
CFHZ

• To continue to consider building foundations at a level that

takes into account the CFHZ in the vicinity of buildings.

• To relocate outside CFHZ when buildings require

replacement or to ensure investment within the hazard
zones is considered in relation to the potential for damage
from coastal flooding.

Responsibility: Village/Families

•

Family decision when building to provide long-
term protection from flooding.

• Village/Family decision to relocate in the long-term

or when building new houses.

NOTE: Consideration has also been given to the provision of street lights. The provision of street lights is considered to be beyond the
scope of this Coastal Infrastructure Management Plan. They will not improve resilience. The issue is however noted for consideration by
the appropriate agency.

Possible Solutions
Lona Village

Scale 1:10,500

To relocate outside the hazard zones or to
ensure investment in the hazard zones is
considered in relation to the potential damage

Village management of
domestic sand-mining.

Identify a sustainable source
for domestic sand in the

To continue planting
vegetation in coastal areas
and to protect plants from
damage.

CEHZ

Lagoon

CLHZ

Fagaloa Bay Road

Reef

CFHZ

Lona

Relocate road (refer
Section 1)

Possible seawall location
(refer Section 3)

KEY

CEHZ

Coastal Erosion Hazard Zone

CFHZ

Coastal Flood Hazard Zone

CLHZ

Coastal Landslip Hazard Zone

Roads and Tracks

Building

COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT PLAN VAA O FONOTI DISTRICT AND SAUANO/SALETELE VILLAGES

IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES

Page 12

Maasina Village Infrastructure

Infrastructure

Best Solutions and Other Solutions Proposed

Other Benefits

Implementation Guidelines

• Village management of domestic sand mining
• Identify a new sustainable source for domestic sand in the

vicinity.

Responsibility: DLSE/Village

• Village to share with government control over sand

mining activities.

• Identify specific sites for near shore sustainable

sand mining to meet demand without depleting
coastal resources.

• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessments for

identified sites.

• Undertake consultation with villages affected by

the proposed sand mining.

• To relocate outside CEHZ and CFHZ when buildings

require replacement or to ensure investment within the
hazard zones is considered in relation to the potential for
damage from coastal erosion and flooding.

Best long-term solution
• To ensure investment within the hazard zones is

considered in relation to the potential for damage from
coastal erosion and flooding

Responsibility: Village/Families

• Family decision when building to provide long-

term protection from erosion and flooding.

• Village/Family decision to relocate in the long-

term or when building new houses.

Village houses and
church in CEHZ and
CFHZ

• To continue planting vegetation in coastal areas and to

protect plants from damage.

Responsibility: Village/Families

• Natural

Environment

• Village/Families to recognise the role that

vegetation plays in stabilising coastal areas.

• Areas of accretion to be planted as soon as

practicable with suitable coastal species.

Village houses in the
CFHZ

• To continue to consider building foundations at a level that

takes into account the CFHZ in the vicinity of buildings.

• To relocate outside CFHZ when buildings require

replacement or to ensure investment within the hazard
zones is considered in relation to the potential for damage
from coastal flooding.

Responsibility: Village/Families

•

Family decision when building to provide long-
term protection from flooding.

• Village/Family decision to relocate in the long-

term or when building new houses.

NOTE:

The construction of a new seawall to provide protection to the main part of the village has also been considered in the assessment of

solutions for Maasina village. An economic analysis shows that the costs of providing a 300m long wall to protect the assets in this area will
be more than five times the benefits it provides to the community.

Possible Solutions
Maasina Village

Scale 1:10,000

To continue to relocate outside the hazard
zones or to ensure investment in the hazard
zones is considered in relation to the
potential damage.

Village management of
domestic sand-mining.

Identify a sustainable source
for domestic sand in the

To continue planting
vegetation in coastal areas
and to protect plants from

Illegal sandmining by
contractors

Lagoon

CLHZ

CEHZ

Inland
flooding

Damaged
Culverts

Fagaloa Bay
Road

Maasina

D.S

CFHZ

KEY

CEHZ

Coastal Erosion Hazard Zone

CFHZ

Coastal Flood Hazard Zone

CLHZ

Coastal Landslip Hazard Zone

Roads and Tracks

Building

Church

COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT PLAN VAA O FONOTI DISTRICT AND SAUANO/SALETELE VILLAGES

IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES

Page 14

Taelefaga Village Infrastructure

Infrastructure

Best Solutions and Other Solutions Proposed

Other Benefits

Implementation Guidelines

• Village management of domestic sand mining
• Identify a new sustainable source for domestic sand in the

vicinity.

Responsibility: DLSE/Village

• Village to share with government control over sand

mining activities.

• Identify specific sites for near shore sustainable

sand mining to meet demand without depleting
coastal resources.

• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessments for

identified sites.

• Undertake consultation with villages affected by

the proposed sand mining.

• To relocate outside CEHZ and CFHZ when buildings

require replacement or to ensure investment within the
hazard zones is considered in relation to the potential for
damage from coastal erosion and flooding.

Best long-term solution
• To ensure investment within the hazard zones is

considered in relation to the potential for damage from
coastal erosion

Responsibility: Village/Families

• Family decision when building to provide long-

term protection from coastal erosion and flooding.

• Village/Family decision to relocate in the long-

term or when building new houses.

Village houses, bus
depot and church in
CEHZ and CFHZ

• To continue planting vegetation in coastal areas and to

protect plants from damage.

Responsibility: Village/Families

• Village/Families to recognise the role that

vegetation plays in stabilising coastal areas.

• Areas of accretion to be planted as soon as

practicable with suitable coastal species.

Village houses in the
CFHZ

• To continue to consider building foundations at a level that

takes into account the CFHZ in the vicinity of buildings.

• To relocate outside CFHZ when buildings require

replacement or to ensure investment within the hazard
zones is considered in relation to the potential for damage
from coastal flooding.

Responsibility: Village/Families

•

Family decision when building to provide long-
term protection from flooding.

• Village/Family decision to relocate in the long-

term or when building new houses.

Note: The construction of a new seawall to provide protection to the church, houses and bus depot within the CEHZ has also been
considered in the assessment of solutions for the village. An economic analysis shows that the costs of providing a 500m long wall to protect
the assets in this area will be 1.3 times the benefits it provides to the community.

KEY

CEHZ

Coastal Erosion Hazard Zone

CFHZ

Coastal Flood Hazard Zone

CLHZ

Coastal Landslip Hazard Zone

Roads and Tracks

Building

Church

School

Possible Solutions
Taelefaga Village

Scale 1:11,500

To continue to relocate outside the hazard
zones or to ensure investment in the hazard
zones is considered in relation to the
potential damage.

Village management of
domestic sand-mining.

Identify a sustainable source
for domestic sand in the

To continue planting
vegetation in coastal areas
and to protect plants from
damage.

Reef

CEHZ

CLHZ

Wetlands

Taelefaga

Lagoon

CFHZ

Salimu Road

Fagaloa Bay
Road

Afulilo Dam Turbine
House

Damaged Culverts and
ford

Erosion
threatening road

Bus Depot

Relocate Road
behind wetlands
(refer Section 3)

COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT PLAN VAA O FONOTI DISTRICT AND SAUANO/SALETELE VILLAGES

IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES

Page 16

Salimu and Musumusu Village Infrastructure

Infrastructure

Best Solutions and Other Solutions Proposed

Other Benefits

Implementation Guidelines

• To relocate outside the CEHZ and CFHZ when buildings

require replacement or to ensure investment within the
hazard zones is considered in relation to the potential for
damage from coastal erosion and flooding.

Best long-term solution

Responsibility: Village/Families

• Family decision when building to provide long-

term protection from coastal erosion and flooding.

• Village/Family decision to relocate in the long-

term or when building new houses.

• Identify a new sustainable source for domestic sand in the

vicinity.

• Village management of domestic sand mining
Responsibility: Village/DLSE

• Identify specific sites for near shore sustainable

sand mining to meet demand without depleting
coastal resources.

• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessments for

identified sites.

• Undertake consultation with villages affected by

the proposed sand mining.

• Village to share with government control over sand

mining activities.

Village houses in
CEHZ and CFHZ

• To continue planting vegetation in coastal areas and to

protect plants from damage.

Responsibility: Village/Families

• Natural

Environment

• Village/Families to recognise the role that

vegetation plays in stabilising coastal areas.

• Areas of accretion to be planted as soon as

practicable with suitable coastal species.

Note: The construction of a new seawall to provide protection to the village houses CEHZ and CFHZ has also been considered in the
assessment of solutions for the village. An economic analysis shows that the costs of providing a 750m long wall to protect the assets in this
area will be almost two times the benefits it provides to the community.

Possible Solutions
Salimu and Musumusu Villages

Scale 1:10,600

To continue to relocate outside the hazard
zones or to ensure investment in the hazard
zones is considered in relation to the
potential damage

Village management of
domestic sand-mining.

Identify a sustainable source
for domestic sand in the

To continue planting
vegetation in coastal areas
and to protect plants from
damage.

Salimu Road

Lagoon

CFHZ

Reef

Cemetery

Erosion

Inland Flooding

Road
Reclamation

Spring

Distric
t Clinic

Overland drainage
damaging road

Salimu

Musumusu

KEY

CEHZ

Coastal Erosion Hazard Zone

CFHZ

Coastal Flood Hazard Zone

CLHZ

Coastal Landslip Hazard Zone

Roads and Tracks

Building

CLHZ

COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT PLAN VAA O FONOTI DISTRICT AND SAUANO/SALETELE VILLAGES

IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES

Page 18

Saletele Village Infrastructure

Infrastructure

Best Solutions and Other Solutions Proposed

Other Benefits

Implementation Guidelines

Village houses,
church and
preschool in CEHZ
and CFHZ

• To continue to consider building foundations at a level that

takes into account the CFHZ in the vicinity of buildings.

• To relocate outside of the CEHZ and the CFHZ or to ensure

investment within the hazard zones is considered in
relation to the potential for damage from coastal erosion
and flooding.

Best long-term solution
• Responsibility: Village/Families

• Family decision when building to provide long-

term protection from coastal erosion and flooding.

• Village/Family decision to relocate in the long-

term or when building new houses.

• Identify a new sustainable source for domestic sand in the

vicinity.

• Village management of domestic sand mining
Responsibility: Village/DLSE

• Identify specific sites for near shore sustainable

sand mining to meet demand without depleting
coastal resources.

• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessments for

identified sites.

• Undertake consultation with villages affected by

the proposed sand mining.

• Village to share with government control over sand

mining activities.

• To continue planting vegetation in coastal areas and to

protect plants from damage.

Responsibility: Village/Families

• Natural

Environment

• Village/Families to recognise the role that

vegetation plays in stabilising coastal areas.

• Areas of accretion to be planted as soon as

practicable with suitable coastal species.

Church and houses
in CLHZ

• To relocate outside CLHZ when buildings require

replacement or to ensure investment within the hazard
zones is considered in relation to the potential for damage
from landslip damage.

• To manage earthworks within the CLHZ to ensure that

these are undertaken to minimise the potential risk of
landslip and in accordance with good engineering advice.

Responsibility: Village/Families/Ministry of Works

• Family decision when building to provide long-

term protection from landslips.

• Village/Family decision to relocate in the long-

term or when building new houses.

• Village to seek design advice from MoW when

undertaking works in the CLHZ.

KEY

CEHZ

Coastal Erosion Hazard Zone

CFHZ

Coastal Flood Hazard Zone

CLHZ

Coastal Landslip Hazard Zone

Roads and Tracks

Building

Earthworks
in CLHZ

CFHZ

Lagoon

No Telephone
Supply

P.S

Village
Reservoir

Illegal Fishing

Damaged culverts

Sauano Bay Road

Existing
Seawall

Salimu 4WD access
track

Possible Solutions
Saletele Village

Scale 1:12,000

Salatele

To continue to relocate outside the hazard
zones or to ensure investment in the hazard
zones is considered in relation to the
potential damage

Village management of
domestic sand-mining.

Identify a sustainable source
for domestic sand in the

To continue planting
vegetation in coastal areas
and to protect plants from
damage.

CLHZ

COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT PLAN VAA O FONOTI DISTRICT AND SAUANO/SALETELE VILLAGES

IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES

Page 20

Sauano Village Infrastructure

Infrastructure

Best Solutions and Other Solutions Proposed

Other Benefits

Implementation Guidelines

Village houses,
church and
preschool in CEHZ
and CFHZ

• To continue to consider building foundations at a level that

takes into account the CFHZ in the vicinity of buildings.

• To relocate outside of the CEHZ and the CFHZ or to ensure

investment within the hazard zones is considered in
relation to the potential for damage from coastal erosion
and flooding.

Best long-term solution
• Responsibility: Village/Families

• Family decision when building to provide long-

term protection from coastal erosion and flooding.

• Village/Family decision to relocate in the long-

term or when building new houses.

• Identify a new sustainable source for domestic sand in the

vicinity.

• Village management of domestic sand mining
Responsibility: Village/DLSE

• Identify specific sites for near shore sustainable

sand mining to meet demand without depleting
coastal resources.

• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessments for

identified sites.

• Undertake consultation with villages affected by

the proposed sand mining.

• Village to share with government control over sand

mining activities.

• To continue planting vegetation in coastal areas and to

protect plants from damage.

Responsibility: Village/Families

• Natural

Environment

• Village/Families to recognise the role that

vegetation plays in stabilising coastal areas.

• Areas of accretion to be planted as soon as

practicable with suitable coastal species.

All infrastructure in
the CEHZ and CFHZ

• To construct a new inland road to allow for a new development

area away from the beach.

Length of upgraded road

200m

Cost of construction

$T92,000

Benefit/cost ratio

3.31

Responsibility: Village/Families/Ministry of Works

• Identify funding/budget requirements and

implementation programme for construction and
development.

• Undertake detailed feasibility study in accordance

with CIM Strategy Evaluation Model Step 6.

• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessment.

Note: The construction of a new seawall to provide protection to the coastline north of the village has also been considered in the
assessment of solutions for the village. Construction of a new seawall will not provide protection to any significant assets, and it is instead
considered that relocating to an upgraded work road when buildings require replacement provides a better solution.

KEY

CEHZ

Coastal Erosion Hazard Zone

CFHZ

Coastal Flood Hazard Zone

CLHZ

Coastal Landslip Hazard Zone

Roads and Tracks

Building

Sauano Bay
Road

Lagoon

Clinic

No telephone service

Damaged culverts and
flooding

Erosion on end of
existing Seawall

Erosion

Illegal fishing

Provide access
to inland areas

Village reservoir

Inland flooding

Tie in seawall for 50m
(refer Section 3)

Possible Solutions
Sauano Village

Scale 1:12,500

To continue to relocate outside the hazard
zones or to ensure investment in the hazard
zones is considered in relation to the
potential damage.

Village management of
domestic sand-mining.

Identify a sustainable source
for domestic sand in the

To continue planting
vegetation in coastal areas
and to protect plants from
damage.

COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT PLAN VAA O FONOTI DISTRICT AND SAUANO/SALETELE VILLAGES

IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES

Page 22

Faleapuna Village Infrastructure

Infrastructure

Best Solutions and Other Solutions Proposed

Other Benefits

Implementation Guidelines

Houses, church,
women’s committee
house, village roads,
school and preschool
in the CEHZ and
CFHZ

• To continue to consider building foundations at a level that

takes into account the CFHZ in the vicinity of buildings.

• To relocate outside CEHZ and CFHZ when buildings

require replacement or to ensure investment within the
hazard zones is considered in relation to the potential for
damage from coastal erosion and flooding.

Best long-term solution

Responsibility: Village/Families

• Family decision when building to provide long-

term protection from erosion and flooding.

• Village/Family decision to relocate in the long-

term or when building new houses.

All infrastructure

• Identify a new sustainable source for domestic sand in the

vicinity.

• Village management of domestic sand mining
Responsibility: Village/DLSE

• Identify specific sites for near shore sustainable

sand mining to meet demand without depleting
coastal resources.

• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessments for

identified sites.

• Undertake consultation with villages affected by

the proposed sand mining.

• Village to share with government control over sand

mining activities.

• To continue planting vegetation in coastal areas and to

protect plants from damage.

Responsibility: Village/Families

• Natural

Environment

• Village/Families to recognise the role that

vegetation plays in stabilising coastal areas.

• Areas of accretion to be planted as soon as

practicable with suitable coastal species.

Houses in the CFHZ

• To continue to consider building foundations at a level that

takes into account the CFHZ in the vicinity of buildings.

• To relocate outside CFHZ when buildings require

replacement or to ensure investment within the hazard
zones is considered in relation to the potential for damage
from coastal flooding.

Responsibility: Village/Families

•

Family decision when building to provide long-
term protection from flooding.

• Village/Family decision to relocate in the long-

term or when building new houses.

All infrastructure in
the CEHZ and CFHZ

• To provide an upgraded work road to allow for a new

development area away from the beach near the main road.

Length of upgraded road

1,000m

Cost of construction $T130,000
Benefit/cost ratio

6.09

Responsibility: Village/Families/Ministry of Works

• Identify funding/budget requirements and

implementation programme for construction and
development.

• Undertake detailed feasibility study in accordance

with CIM Strategy Evaluation Model Step 6.

• Prepare Environmental Impact Assessment.

NOTE:

The construction of new seawalls to provide protection to the main part of the beach, and to the sub-villages of Matautu and Sapulu.

An economic analysis shows that the costs of providing a 2km long wall to protect the main part of the beach will be nearly twice the
benefits it provides to the community. The construction of seawalls to protect the subvillages of Matautu and Sapulu would inhibit the
supply of sand along the coast and most likely increase the rate of erosion further west. The negative impacts of a seawall are thereby
greater than any protection that the seawall would provide.

Lagoon

Erosion

CFHZ

Wetlands

Main East
Coast Road

Possible upgraded roads
to provide for relocated
development.

Commercial Sand-
mining (Not current)

Flooding

Erosion

Coastal
Access Road

Culvert

Faleapuna

Possible Solutions
Faleapuna Village

Scale 1:14,000

To continue planting
vegetation in coastal areas
and to protect plants from
damage.

Village management of
domestic sand-mining.

Identify a sustainable source
for domestic sand in the

To continue to relocate outside the hazard
zones or to ensure investment in the hazard
zones is considered in relation to the
potential damage

KEY

CEHZ

Coastal Erosion Hazard Zone

CFHZ

Coastal Flood Hazard Zone

CLHZ

Coastal Landslip Hazard Zone

Roads and Tracks

Building

Church