FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1

UNITED

NATIONS

Distr.
GENERAL

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1

22 June 2009

ENGLISH ONLY

AD HOC WORKING GROUP ON LONG-TERM COOPERATIVE ACTION
UNDER THE CONVENTION
Sixth session
Bonn, 1–12 June 2009

Agenda item 3 (a–e)
Enabling the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention through long-term
cooperative action now, up to and beyond 2012, by addressing, inter alia:
A shared vision for long-term cooperative action
Enhanced national/international action on mitigation of climate change
Enhanced action on adaptation
Enhanced action on technology development and transfer to support action on mitigation and
adaptation
Enhanced action on the provision of financial resources and investment to support action on mitigation
and adaptation and technology cooperation

Revised negotiating text

Note by the secretariat

Summary

The Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action (AWG-LCA) at its sixth session, had
before it a negotiating text (FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/8) prepared by its Chair as requested by the
AWG-LCA at its fourth session. During the sixth session Parties provided general comments on its
structure and content, stated reservations and objections to elements of the text, and proposed
additions and modifications.  This resulted in a revised negotiating text, which is contained in the
annex to this document. The numbering of the paragraphs in the original text has been maintained,
with additional paragraphs numbered between the original paragraphs and alternatives to original
paragraphs so indicated. Objections and reservations concerning elements of the original text are
reflected using square brackets.  The document also contains suggestions made by Parties related to
the structure of the negotiating text and the placement of elements within it.

GE.09-61746

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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Suggestions related to structure and placement

A. Enhanced action on adaptation

Revise the structure of the chapter to reflect all aspects of adaptation actions, support and

institutions in an integrative manner

  Organize provisions according to paragraph 1 (c) (i–v) of the Bali Action Plan
  Organize provisions according to, and referring back to, relevant Articles of the Convention
  Move overarching objectives and principles to chapter I on shared vision
  Distinguish common responsibilities on adaptation of all Parties from differentiated

responsibilities taking account of respective capabilities and according to national circumstances

Consolidate all provisions related to support for adaptation into chapter II section B on

Implementation of adaptation action

Move aspects related to adaptation finance to chapter IV section A on finance
Move chapter II section D on Risk reduction, management and sharing to chapter II section B on

Implementation of adaptation action

Move aspects related to institutional arrangements to chapter II section E on Institutional

arrangements

Move aspects of micro insurance and risk pooling currently included in chapter II section B on

Implementation of adaptation action to chapter II section D on Risk reduction, management and
sharing

B. Enhanced action on mitigation

  Introduce a general section under the main chapter heading
  Organize provisions according to, and referring back to, relevant Articles of the Convention
  Reflect overlaps/relationship/coherence with the AWG-KP
  Improve balance between the sections on 1b (i) and 1b (ii)
  Introduce a preambular paragraph that provides a stronger link between actions on mitigation and

adaptation

Move aspects related to financing and institutional arrangements to the respective sections of the

negotiating text

  Define and explain new terms
  Add Annexes to reflect proposals from Parties
  Revise the text to ensure coherence between the sections on measurement, reporting and

verification of actions, including those on REDD-plus, and support, with the structure of the
financing mechanism being conceived within the Convention in other parts of the text

Maintain the section on REDD-plus as a separate section

These suggestions were presented in the course of the first reading of the negotiating text. The first reading did
not address chapter I on shared vision and chapter III sections D, E and F on paragraphs 1 b (iv), (v) and (vi) of
the Bali Action Plan. Therefore, no particular structural suggestions relevant to those sections are presented here.
Suggestions related to structure and placement that were presented in the course of the second reading of the
negotiating text, including suggestions made in relation to the above mentioned chapters, are included in the
revised negotiating text contained in the annex.

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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Integrate common elements of measurement, reporting and verification related to REDD-plus

into chapter III section B.3 and B.4 on Measurement, reporting and verification.

C. Enhanced action on financing, technology and capacity-building

Enhanced action on the provision of financial resources and investment

  Consolidate all provisions related to finance into this chapter
  Consolidate all provisions related to finance, technology and capacity-building into this chapter
  Focus on raising funds. Provisions related to the allocation of funds should be moved to chapters

II and III, on mitigation and adaptation, respectively

Present functions first followed by principles
Distinguish common responsibilities on finance of all Parties from differentiated responsibilities

taking account of respective capabilities and according to national circumstances

Enhanced action on development and transfer of technology

Consolidate all provisions related to technology into this chapter
Integrate provisions related to technology into chapters on mitigation, finance, adaptation and

shared vision

Organize provisions according to, and referring back to, relevant Articles of the Convention
Structure the chapter to reflect stages of technology development cycle and link them with

support

Distinguish common responsibilities on technology of all Parties from differentiated

responsibilities taking account of respective capabilities and according to national circumstances

  Distinguish international actions from domestic commitments
  Add section on research, development and demonstration
  Add section on performance assessment and effectiveness; compliance and penalty provisions
  Relate technology to impact of response measures on developing countries and economic

diversification

Capacity-building

Capacity-building should be a component of all sections

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Annex

Revised negotiating text

A shared vision for long-term cooperative action

Note: This section of the negotiating text (paragraphs. 1–9 below) illustrates how elements from Parties’
proposals could be woven into an introductory statement on a shared vision.

Structural proposal:

Review process to be consolidated in a proposed new chapter for cross-cutting issues

Proposals for preambular paragraphs:

Proposal 1

The shared vision is expressed:

Option 1

As a COP decision

Option 2

As part of the COP decision that adopts an implementing agreement

Option 3

As a chapeau to the implementing agreement

Option 4

As the first section of the implementing agreement

Proposal 2

Recalling the Bali Action Plan adopted by decision 1/CP.13 of the Conference of Parties to the
Convention at its thirteenth session, and the need for Long-Term Cooperative Action among all Parties to
enable the full and sustained implementation of the Convention now, up to and beyond 2012, in order to
achieve its ultimate objective,

Acknowledging the findings of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change and more recent scientific information, that delay in reducing emissions significantly
constrains opportunities to achieve low stabilization levels and increases the probability of severe climate
change impacts and the consequent need for, and cost of, adaptation,

Acknowledging the important role of the Kyoto Protocol in contributing to the ultimate objective

of the Convention, and the need to broaden the legal commitments under the Convention,

Recognizing the importance of early action and emphasizing the urgent need to accelerate both

mitigation and adaptation actions,

Renewing the political determination to ensure that the equitable development needs of present

and future generations are properly addressed,

Intending to renew and strengthen the global partnership through the creation of new levels of

cooperation among Parties, according to the principles of the Convention,

Affirming a Shared Vision of a long-term goal to equitably, successfully and coherently integrate

the ambitious efforts of all Parties.

Proposal 3

Recalling the Bali Action Plan adopted by decision 1/CP.13 of the Conference of Parties to the

Convention at its thirteenth session, and the need for Long-Term Cooperative Action among all Parties to
enable the full and sustained implementation of the Convention now, up to and beyond 2012, in order to
achieve its ultimate objective,

In its paragraph 1 (a), the Bali Action Plan calls for a shared vision for long-term cooperative action, including a long-term

global goal for emission reductions, to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention, in accordance with the provisions and
principles of the Convention, in particular the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective
capabilities, and taking into account social and economic conditions and other relevant factors.

Parties referred to the following Articles of the Convention in submissions related to this section: Article 4, Article 7.

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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Acknowledging the findings of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on

Recognizing the importance of early action and emphasizing the urgent need to accelerate both

mitigation and adaptation actions,

Renewing the political determination to ensure that the equitable development needs of present

and future generations are properly addressed,

Intending to establish a new and equitable global partnership through the creation of new levels

of cooperation among Parties, according to the principles of the Convention,

Affirming a Shared Vision of a long-term goal to equitably, successfully and coherently integrate

the efforts of all Parties.

Proposal 4

Recognizing that sustainable development is the first priority for developing countries.

Therefore, that our commitment to a low carbon society would have to be linked to our development
priorities, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention,

Recalling that the Rio principles, particularly the principles of equity, common but differentiated

responsibilities and respective capabilities should guide the debates on shared vision,

Recalling the Bali Action Plan adopted by decision 1/CP.13 of the Conference of Parties to the

Emphasizing that it is fundamental that Annex I countries comply fully with the provisions as set

out in 4.3, 4.4, and 4.5 as well as commitments on technology transfer and capacity-building,

Further emphasizing that a Shared Vision does not include commitments for developing

countries. It does, entitle technology transfer, capacity-building and financial resources for project
implementation regarding mitigation national programs,

Recognizing that sustainable development that ensures capacity for adaptation to the adverse

effects of climate change is the most important issue for all developing countries, particularly low-lying
and other small island countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable
to floods, drought and desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are
particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, as stated in preambular text 19 of the
UNFCCC,

Acknowledging the findings of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on

Acknowledging the important role of the Kyoto Protocol in contributing to the ultimate objective

of the Convention, and the need to broaden the legal commitments under the Convention,

Recognizing the importance of early action and emphasizing the urgent need to accelerate both

mitigation and adaptation actions,

Renewing the political determination to ensure that the equitable development needs of present and future
generations are properly addressed,

Intending to establish a new and equitable global partnership through the creation of new levels

of cooperation among Parties, according to the principles of the Convention,

Affirming a Shared Vision of a long-term goal to equitably, successfully and coherently integrate

the ambitious efforts of all Parties,

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Recognizing that current and potential climate change impacts require a shift in the global

investment patterns and that criteria for financing allocation shall clearly respond to the priorities
identified by the international community, being climate change stabilization one of these priorities.

Proposal 5

Acknowledging that current atmospheric concentrations are principally the result of historical

emissions of greenhouse gases, the most significant share of which has originated in developed countries.

Further acknowledging that Developed countries have a historical responsibility for their

disproportionate contribution to the causes and consequences of climate change, reflecting their
disproportionate historical use of a shared global carbon space since 1850 as well as their proposed
continuing disproportionate use of the remaining global carbon space.

Proposal 6

Sustainable development is the first priority for developing countries. Therefore, our

commitment to a low carbon society would have to be linked to our development priorities, in accordance
with the provisions of the Convention.

The Rio principles, particularly the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and

respective capacities should guide the debates on shared vision.

It is fundamental that Annex I countries comply fully with the, as set out in 4.3, 4.4, and 4.5 as

well as commitments on technology transfer and capacity-building.

Substantial reductions of GHG emissions from Annex I countries should be agreed.

A Shared Vision does not include commitments for developing countries. It does, entitle

technology transfer, capacity-building and financial resources for project implementation regarding
mitigation national programs.

A shared vision recognizes that adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change is the most

important issue for all developing countries, particularly low-lying and other small island countries,
countries with low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and
desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable
to the adverse effects of climate change.

A shared Vision recognizes that the most vulnerable countries are all developing countries,

low-lying and other small island countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or
areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous
ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, as stated in preambular
paragraph 19 of the UNFCCC.

Additional paragraph

x.1

The discussion on a shared vision for long-term cooperative action is an exchange of views or

ideas about how to enable the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention, focusing on
the way to implement long-term cooperative action under the framework of the Convention. A shared
vision is for long-term cooperative action, such a vision should be guided by the ultimate objective of the
Convention, which consists of the following three aspects: to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in
the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate
system; to adapt to the impacts of climate change; and to realize sustainable development. A shared
vision for long-term cooperative action should be comprehensive and include mitigation, adaptation,
finance, technology as well as sustainable development.

[[[As assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) in its Fourth

Assessment Report] [Warming of the climate system, as a consequence of human activity, is unequivocal.
[As assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) in its Fourth Assessment
Report,] Current atmospheric concentrations are principally the result of historical emissions of
greenhouse gases, the largest share of which has originated in developed countries. Current per-capita
emission in developed countries remain relatively high compared to those in developing countries, as
noted in the Convention and by the IPCC. [the serious adverse effects of climate change, notably those
on crop production and food security, marine and coastal ecosystems, coastal livelihood, water resources

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and human health, ecosystems as well as on housing and infrastructure,] as well as insufficient access to a
global atmospheric resource [climate change is having significant deleterious effects on the composition,
resilience and productivity of natural and managed ecosystems, on the operation of socio-economic
systems and on human health and welfare, including crop production, fisheries and food security, water
resources, as well as on housing and infrastructure. These effects] [notably the effects on ecosystems, on
the operation of socio-economic systems and on human health and welfare, including crop production,
fisheries and food security, water resources, as well as on housing and infrastructure are] are [becoming]
a major obstacle to efforts to promote [sustainable] economic and social development and to [[reduce]
poverty] [eradication] [promote poverty aliviation], [which are the first and overriding priorities of all
developing countries]. In order to build up their coping or adaptive capacity, developing countries must
pursue these overriding priorities to the best of their abilities. The maintenance of healthy ecosystems
and their services is necessary to maintain the life support system on earth in the face of climate change,
providing food and livelihoods, contributing to human welfare and enabling sustainable economic
development.

Alternative to paragraph 1:

[Warming of the climate system, as a consequence of human activity, is unequivocal. As

assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) in its Fourth Assessment Report,
global atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased significantly because of human
activities since 1750.

Current atmospheric concentrations are principally the result of historical emissions of

greenhouse gases, originating from the developed countries Parties. Current per-capita emissions in
developed countries remain relatively high compared to those in developing countries, as noted in the
Convention and by the IPCC.

The developing countries face not only the additional challenge of adaptation but also the need to

put their economies on a sustainable path. All Parties agree that the developing countries face serious
adverse effects of climate change as well as threats to their future economic potential due to insufficient
access to shared global atmospheric resources.]

Recalling that [Besides adversely affecting all developing countries, climate change pose

significant challenges to] [The adverse effects of climate change will be felt most acutely by [those
segments of the] [vulnerable countries and] population particularly in developing countries who have
contributed least to climate change but [who are already in vulnerable situations [owing to factors such as
geography, poverty, gender, age, indigenous or minority status and disability]]. These adverse effects
also [undermine the equitable development needs of present and future generations]], and have a range of
direct and indirect implications for the full and effective enjoyment of human rights including the right to
self determination, statehood, life, food and health and the right of a people not to be deprived if its own
means of subsistence,

particularly in developing countries [demand a more equitable utilization of the

global atmospheric resource to reflect the needs of present and future generations]. The AR4
demonstrates clearly that negative impacts of climate change are already evident and widespread, in
particular in vulnerable regions of the world, and are increasingly posing a risk to ecosystems, food
productions, the attainment of sustainable development and of the Millennium Development Goals as
well as to human health and security.

Alternative to paragraph 2:

[The adverse effects of climate change will be felt particularly in low-lying and other small island

countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and
desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable
to the adverse effects of climate change and by the most fragile ecosystems those segments of the
population within developing countries who are already in vulnerable situations owing to factors such as
geography, poverty, gender, age, indigenous or minority status and disability. These adverse effects
further undermine the equitable development needs of present and future generations.]

2.1

The adverse effects of climate change will be felt most acutely in developing countries,

particularly low-lying and other small island countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid and

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semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and developing countries with fragile
mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.

2.2

With land use being linked to sustainable development, adaptation, and mitigation, agriculture

plays an important role, especially in the context of food security and poverty reduction. Therefore,
adaptation as well as mitigation efforts in the AFOLU sector are required to enable substantial increase in
production and productivity needed for ensuring food security. Reducing GHG emissions in agriculture
is a challenging task and may thus require attention in the context of any shared vision for long-term
cooperative action.

Deep cuts [by developed countries] [by all Annex I country Parties] [by all developed countries]

in global emissions by Parties in accordance with their historical responsibilities, as well as the principles
of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities, and realistic changes in emission patterns [will
be] [are urgently] required to prevent dangerous interference with the climate system and achieve the
ultimate objective of the Convention. Early and urgent action by all countries according to their common
but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities to this end is necessary on the basis of equity
and in accordance with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective
capabilities of Parties. [A] [Further] delay by Parties [in implementing their commitments to reduce]
[reducing] emissions will increase their climate debt to the developing countries and significantly
constrain opportunities to achieve lower stabilization levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and increase the
risk of more severe climate change impacts. Avoidance of damage to SIDS and LDCs as a primary
benchmark for assessing the adequacy of long-term cooperative action.

Led by developed country Parties, [An economic transition is needed [that shifts] [in order to

adjust] global economic growth patterns towards a sustainable [low-emission economy] based on
development of innovative technologies, more sustainable production and consumption, promoting
sustainable lifestyles and [climate-resilient] [sustainable] development [while ensuring a just transition of
the workforce]. The active participation of all stakeholders in this transition should be sought [, be they
governmental, including subnational and local government private business or civil society, including the
youth and addressing the need for gender equity].]] Those developing countries that were and are low
carbon economies need sufficient financial incentives and appropriate technology transfer to keep
avoiding GHG emissions in their path to sustainable development and to prevent adopting the high GHG
emission trajectories of developed countries.

Alternative to paragraph 4:

[In the face of the grave challenge of harmonizing sustainable development with mitigation of

climate change, all the Parties are in need of a paradigm shift towards low carbon development.
However, there still is no model for low carbon paradigm shift. As mitigation is a result of paradigm shift
towards low carbon development, a concrete roadmap for low carbon development, especially for
developing country Parties, is urgently needed]

4.1

The structure of the global economy has undergone profound changes since the entry into force of

the Convention, and Parties’ individual responsibilities and capabilities with it. Emissions and sources of
capital are increasingly global, necessitating that all countries take action to achieve a low-emissions
trajectory in order to meet the objective of the Convention.

Alternative to paragraphs 1–4:

[Recognizing the need to further enhance the implementation of the Convention through

long-term cooperative action and that deep cuts in global emissions will be required in order to achieve its
ultimate objective.

Noting the need to take account of future changes in the economic and social circumstances of

Parties, as well as the constant evolution of scientific knowledge relating to climate change its causes and
effects.]

All Parties should take mitigation actions under an enlightened sense of solidarity in accordance

with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. All countries will need
to develop comprehensive climate response strategies, in line with their individual responsibilities and
capabilities, that achieve an emission trajectory to a low emission economy. In reflection of their

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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historical responsibility for the accumulation of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, [Developed
country Parties and other Parties included in Annex I of the Convention [must] [should] show leadership
[in] [by] [mitigation] [in taking on ambitious economy-wide quantified emission limitation and reduction]
commitments [or actions] [through deep reductions in their emissions , Developed country Parties and
other developed Parties included in Annex II of the Convention should also and in supporting developing
country Parties in undertaking [adaptation measures and] enhanced nationally appropriate mitigation
actions (NAMAs),

as well as in supporting developing country Parties, particularly the most vulnerable,

in undertaking adaptation measures,

and in [assisting] [providing support] [enabling] them through the

transfer of technology and financial resources [to move towards a low-emission development path.
Developing countries whose national circumstances reflect greater responsibilities and capabilities must
contribute to the effort to address climate change, including for limitations of emissions and enhancement
of removals of greenhouse gas emissions and in assisting the most vulnerable Parties and populations to
adapt to climate change.]]]

Alternatives to paragraph 5:

Alternative 1

[Developed country Parties shall take the lead in combating climate change, in particular on

taking corresponding measures in mitigation commitments or actions.

Developed country Parties shall fulfill their commitments under the Convention in supporting

developing country Parties in undertaking adaptation measures and nationally appropriate mitigation
actions (NAMAs) [and the provision of] transfer of technology and financial resources to move towards a
low-emission development path.]

Alternative 2

[Developed country Parties should show leadership in the global effort to build a low-carbon

economy that ensures continued growth and sustainable development and strengthens capacity to adapt to
the impacts of climate change.]

Alternative 3

[Developed country Parties should take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse

effects thereof.

All Parties should contribute to the global effort to combat climate change, in accordance with their
common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities – a spectrum of effort is envisaged.

All Parties should aim to undertake a similar level of effort to others at a similar level of development and
with similar national circumstances.

Those Parties whose national circumstances reflect greater responsibility or capability should make a
greater contribution to the global effort.]

Alternative 4

[Because of their historical responsibility, developed country Parties must show leadership in

mitigation commitments or actions, immediately implementing ambitious and legally binding emissions
reductions. Developed countries must also support all developing country Parties through the provision
of financial resources, technology cooperation and transfer, and capacity-building required to undertake
adaptation measures and nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) that help these countries to
move towards a low-carbon development path].

Alternative 5

[In this context, developed country Parties have committed to demonstrate that they are taking the

lead in modifying long-term trends in emissions consistent with the objective of the Convention and in
accordance with its provisions and principles. Developing countries will also contribute to a global
mitigation effort in accordance with the Convention, including through nationally appropriate mitigation
actions. The extend to which developing country Parties will effectively implement their commitments

In this document, the acronym “NAMA” is used only in the context of nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing

countries.

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under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their
commitments under the Convention related to finance and transfer of technology.]

Alternative 6

[Developed country Parties should demonstrate that they are taking the lead in modifying the

long-term trends in emission reduction consistent with the objective of the Convention. In doing so,
Annex-I Parties pledge to meet their targets fully, effectively and in a measurable, reportable and
verifiable manner.

All Annex-I countries also agree to present a Carbon Neutral Strategies (CNS) containing their vision to
meet their quantified targets by 2020. This plan by all Annex-I Parties, will act as a transparent modality
in meeting the Annex-I country individual targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It will outline a
mitigation policy in totality as well as measures how it will meet its targets and stay on track.

All Parties agree that to the extent developing countries are expected of taking nationally appropriate
mitigation actions would hinge on the extent to which they are provided financial resources aided by vital
technology transfer and development and that the NAMAs by the developing country Parties and the
provision of finance and technology shall both be measureable, reportable and verifiable.]

5.1

The financial crisis should not constitute an obstacle to the provision of financial and technical

assistance to developing countries in accordance with the Convention.

5.2

Developed country Parties should support and promote developing country Parties in undertaking

adaptation measures and nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) in a measurable, reportable
and verifiable manner, through the transfer of technology and financial resources to move towards a low-
emission development path.

Developing country Parties over riding priority remains sustainable economic growth and poverty

eradication, an effort which have been complicated by the effects of climate change. Special attention
should be given to the [Urgent and immediate adaptation needs of all developing countries, especially
those that are [particularly] vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change as stated in preambular 19
of UNFCCC and the adverse effects of response measures, particularly low-lying and other small island
countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and
desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems, and SIDS and LDCs
[require special attention] [must be met]. The healthy marine and terrestrial ecosystems and their services
are required to sustain the life supporting system on earth, providing food and livelihoods, contributing to
human welfare and enabling sustainable economic development. [[Countries] [Developing country
Parties] lacking sufficient capacity to respond to the challenges of climate change require access [to
opportunities to obtain this capacity] [to resources] in a timely sustained and cooperative manner.]]
[Measurable, reportable and verifiable financing, technology transfer and compensation must be provided
by developed countries to address the full costs of adaptation in developing countries, supported by
appropriate institutional arrangements under the Conference of Parties.] It is also particularly important
to provide adequate, predictable, stable, sufficient and timely funding for adaptation purposes particularly
by developed countries. Developed country Parties shall support these developing countries in meeting
costs of adaptation.

Alternatives to paragraph 6:

Alternative 1

[Those Parties whose national circumstances reflect the least capability and the most vulnerability

to the adverse effects of climate change should be prioritised for support in their efforts to adapt to the
adverse effects of climate change.]

Alternative 2

[Urgent and immediate adaptation needs of developing countries that are particularly vulnerable

to the adverse effects of climate change require special attention, necessitating a shared vision for actively
promoting sustainable community-based ecosystem management, conservation and restoration activities,
where appropriate to support adaptation. Countries lacking sufficient capacity to respond to the
challenges of climate change require access to opportunities to obtain this capacity in a timely manner.]

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Alternative 3

[Urgent and immediate adaptation needs of all developing countries, particularly those lacking

sufficient capacity to respond to the challenges of climate change and requiring access to opportunities to
obtain this capacity in a timely manner.]

6.1

Urgent and immediate adaptation needs of developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to

the adverse effects of climate change, particularly low-lying and other small island countries, countries
with low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and
developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the adverse
effects of climate change require special attention. Countries lacking sufficient capacity to respond to the
challenges of climate change require access to opportunities to obtain this capacity in a timely manner.

6.2

Among adaptation actions are those necessary to restore the resilience of ecosystems and their

productivity to enable sustainable economic development.

6.3

It is important to stress the need for sustainable coastal and marine ecosystems that will increase

the resilience to climate change. An integrated coastal and ocean management approach is a key in
promoting resilience, and thus fundamental to preparing for and adapting to the effects of climate change
on the ocean.

[The urgent need to confront dangerous climate change requires [political determination]

[leadership] to [continue building an inclusive, fair and effective [climate regime] [implementation of the
Convention], one that takes into account the integrity of the climate regime and the [need of developing
countries’ need] [needs of developing countries and their need] for adequate and equitable sustainable
development [space] and the particular vulnerability of SIDS and LDCs, and is based on a [[new and]
equitable] [genuine] global partnership that [drives] [enhances] long-term cooperative action to] [address
existing implementation gaps, ensure effective implementation by all Parties with their commitments and]
[address the existing implementation gaps especially in the implementation of commitments taken under
Article 4 of the Convention] enable the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention
now up to and beyond 2012.] Scientific evidence shows that the global costs of mitigation and adaptation
to the adverse effects to climate change will soar if mitigation efforts are timid, fragmented and restricted.
Furthermore, it shows that the economics of ambitious and bold mitigation action pays better than shy
efforts, both at a global and domestic level in developed and developing country Parties.

7.1

The shared vision for long-term cooperative action shall be guided by the ultimate objective of

the Convention and its principles. The urgent need to prevent dangerous climate change requires political
determination to continue building an inclusive, fair and effective climate regime, one that is based on
strengthened global partnership that drives cooperative action to enable the full, effective and sustained
implementation of the Convention.

7.2

Developing countries could adopt bolder measures of mitigation if developed countries make

even deeper cuts in their own domestic emissions and provide the adequate means of implementation.
Furthermore, deeper cuts would create a demand for expanded carbon markets that should go hand in
hand with a significantly increased access to the project mechanisms to carbon trading schemes, and an
early and enhanced role of forestry in the carbon markets.

7.3

In order to fulfill this shared vision, Parties have agreed to establish coherent, cohesive, and

integrated system of financial and technology transfer mechanisms under the Convention and a follow
up/compliance mechanism. These institutions are robust and effective.

[The shared vision [for] [is of] long-term cooperative action, including the long-term global goal

for emission reductions, [shall be guided by the ultimate objective of the Convention and its provisions
and the principles] [to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention and ensure its full, effective and
sustained implementation, in accordance with its provisions and principles] therein, recognizing that their
application as regards individual Parties should evolve, in particular the [principles of [equity and of
common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, as well as the precautionary
principle and state responsibility [, that are enshrined in the Convention] [common but differentiated
responsibilities and respective capabilities, and on the basis of equity] to guide the international
community in addressing climate change], in particular articles 3.2, 3.3 and 3.5 of the Convention. [It

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also] [takes] [taking] into account environmental, evolving national circumstances, including social and
economic and political conditions [, the specific needs and special circumstances of developing countries,
precautionary approaches, the right to development and sustainable economic growth] [and other relevant
factors]]] [, taking into account social and economic conditions and other relevant factors as reflected in
the Convention], and ensuring that global crises, such as the financial crisis, should not constitute an
obstacle to the provision of financial and technical assistance to developing countries in accordance with
the Convention.

Move paragraph 8 to paragraph 2

[The shared vision for long-term cooperative action [shall guide short- and midterm urgent and

enhanced action on adaptation and mitigation, including support through finance, technology, and
capacity-building] [aims to address climate change and achieve the mutually supportive and intertwined
pillars of sustainable [and climate-resilient] development, that are economic development, social progress
and the protection of the environment, as well as the survival of all states [and] to enhance action on
adaptation, mitigation, technology, finance and capacity-building, integrating the means of
implementation needed to support action in developing countries on adaptation and mitigation], in order
to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention and to achieve sustainable and climate resilient
development.]]

Move paragraph 9 to paragraph 1

Alternative to paragraphs 8–9:

[The shared vision shall also be guided by the precautionary principle, that are enshrined in the

Convention to guide the international community in addressing climate change and take into account
social and economic conditions and other relevant factors. The shared vision for long-term cooperative
action aims to achieve sustainable and climate-compatible development and to enhance action on
adaptation, mitigation, technology, finance and capacity-building, integrating the means of
implementation needed to support action on adaptation and mitigation, in order to achieve the ultimate
objective of the Convention.]

Alternative to paragraphs 1–9:

[The “shared vision for long-term cooperative action, including a long-term global goal for

emissions reductions”, integrates the four building blocks of the Bali Action Plan in a comprehensive and
balanced manner, that would enhance the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention,
and achieve its objective as set out in Article 2 of the Convention, including its ultimate objective and the
parameters for the achievement of this ultimate objective, that is “to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally
to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development
to proceed in a sustainable manner” and to this end, shall:

(a)

fully recognize that the shared vision is to be pursued “in accordance with the provisions and

principles of the Convention” (para. 1 a of the BAP), as contained in its Article 3, in particular Articles
3.1 (protection of the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind, on
the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities) and 3.3, and
shall take into account “social and economic conditions and other relevant factors”, through the full
consideration of the economic and social impacts on developing countries, including impacts on the
eradication of poverty, of any long-term global goal for emissions reductions;

(b)

recognize the right to, and the promotion of sustainable development, as stated in Article 3.4

of the Convention, “taking into account that economic development is essential for adopting measures to
address climate change”;

(c)

address all the implementation gaps to enable to full, effective and sustained implementation

of the Convention, now, up to, and beyond 2012, on mitigation and adaptation commitments, and in
particular those related to the provision of financial resources (Article 4.3), and to the promotion and
transfer of technology (Article 4.5), in the context of Article 4.7 of the Convention;

(d)

give urgent and equal weight to action on adaptation and mitigation and fully implement all

relevant Articles of the Convention recognizing that as developed country Parties fail to meet their

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mitigation commitments, the costs of adaptation for developing country Parties would significantly
increase, and fully implement Article 4.4 of the Convention;

(e)

envision a long-term goal which successfully integrates the means of implementation

(technology, financing and capacity-building) to enable and support mitigation and adaptation actions of
developing country Parties (Article 4.7), and one that would demonstrate “that developed countries are
taking the lead in modifying longer-term trends in anthropogenic emissions consistent with the objective
of the Convention” (Article 4.2-a) through effective mechanisms and institutional arrangements.]

9.1

The agreement on the shared vision for long-term cooperative action should address all aspects of

the BAP and form the basis of a framework decision by the Conference of Parties (COP), the scope of
which should include:

(a)

The guiding principles and objective of the agreed outcome, including the scientific basis for

decision making,

(b)

The quantified global goal of greenhouse gas emissions reductions agreed upon, for the short

(2020) and the long (2050) terms, with the associated stabilization levels of greenhouse gases and global
mean temperature rises. As well, the year of maximum global emissions and the differentiated
contribution to the goal of all the groups of countries, Parties to the Convention and lead by developed
countries,

(c)

The institutional framework and the contribution of the different groups of countries to the

integration, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the cooperative action on mitigation,
adaptation, technology and financing.

9.2

The guiding principles of the Convention should support items b) and c) of the previous

paragraph, in terms of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities; historical
responsibilities in greenhouse gas emissions and the related historical ecological debt generated by the
cumulative greenhouse gas emissions since 1750 and the most recent scientific information.

9.3

The objective of the shared vision should be expressed as guidance to integrate the global

cooperative action to enable the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention, from
now, up to and beyond 2012. The previous should be linked to a series of more specific and mutually
coherent agreements on the mitigation, adaptation, technology and financing issues, which should be
respectively included in a series of COP decisions so as to complement the framework decision on the
shared vision.

9.4

The shared vision is to establish a global approach to addressing climate change through

enhancing action by all countries to mitigate emissions of greenhouse gases and to provide adequate
support for vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change. Actions taken shall play a significant
role in ensuring that global greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere must be stabilized as far
below 350 parts per million of carbon dioxide equivalent as possible, with temperature increases limited
to as far below 1.5 degrees celsius above pre-industrial levels as possible. Action taken shall be a major
contribution towards moving to a low greenhouse gas emission society that is compatible with sustainable
development objectives and consistent with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities
and respective capabilities. The right to survival of all nations is a paramount objective.

9.5

The role and importance of agriculture, especially with respect to food security, must be

recognized in both adaptation and mitigation efforts.

9.6

The shared vision for long-term cooperative action recognizes the strong link between adaptation

Enhanced action on adaptation, mitigation, technology and financing

Note: Parties have expressed the view that a statement on a shared vision for long-term cooperative
action should express their political resolve to achieve their goals for enhanced action on adaptation,

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mitigation, technology and financing.  The integration of these interrelated goals in a shared vision
statement will thus result in due time from the pursuit of negotiations on these building blocks of the Bali
Action Plan.  For the time being, proposals by Parties referring specifically to the integration of
substantive outcomes under the four building blocks are reflected in the chapters of this text dealing with
the respective elements of the Bali Action Plan.  A text integrating goals on adaptation, mitigation,
technology and financing in the shared vision could be prepared at a later stage.

The exception to this deferral is that the section below (paras. 11–17) presents proposals by

Parties concerning a long-term global goal for emission reductions.  In accordance with the Bali Action
Plan, such proposals have been considered in the context of a shared vision for long-term cooperative
action.  These proposals include references to the medium-term goals, peaks and pathways considered
necessary to achieve a long-term global goal, as well as to review processes.  The placement of such
material in a statement on shared vision, that is, whether it should be a distinct element or integrated in
the statement of mitigation goals, remains to be considered.

10.

[[…]

10.1

There must be consistency between the global goal, mitigation commitments and actions by all

developed country Parties and the provision by developed country Parties of technology, financing and
capacity-building to support and enable nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing country
Parties. Should such enabling support be significant and consistent with needs, nationally appropriate
mitigation actions by developing country Parties could achieve a substantial deviation from baseline and
thus contribute to achieving the global goal. Should such enabling support remain insignificant,
nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing country Parties would remain limited, their
greenhouse gas emissions would therefore accordingly increase and mitigation commitments and actions
by all developed country Parties should then be increased to achieve the global goal without the
contribution of developing country Parties.

10.2

The shared vision for long-term cooperative action recognizes the strong link between adaptation

and mitigation as well as the cross-cutting role played by financing, technology transfer and
capacity-building. Failure to implement ambitious and immediate mitigation actions by developed
countries will increase the need for adaptation in all developing countries particularly low-lying and other
small island countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods,
drought and desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are
particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change and therefore for financial support, At the
same time increased financial support and technological transfer to developing countries will help these
countries in their implementation of NAMAs reducing the risk of triggering/crossing tipping points that
could result in abrupt climate change.

A long-term global goal for emission reductions [(with related medium-term goals and review process)]

11.

Taking into account of the findings of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change, [The shared vision includes a long-term [aspirational] global goal for emission
reductions that [is based on best available [science] [scientific evidence]] [and economic analysis] [takes
into account robust scientific findings of the IPCC as accepted by the Parties] [recognizes the scale and
urgency of the challenge as outlined in the IPCC AR4,] and [provides direction] intended to inspire
long-term cooperative action, [making it sufficiently effective] to bring about the deep cuts in global
emissions as well as realistic changes in emission patterns are urgently required to achieve the ultimate
objective of the Convention [and minimize further climate change impacts on [vulnerable] developing
countries as mentioned in preambular 19 of the Convention ]], that are particularly vulnerable to the
adverse effects of climate change, especially the LDCs and SIDS particularly low-lying and other small
island countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods,
drought and desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are
particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, with flexibility and diversity of nationally
appropriate actions. The global goal for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions should be based on
the most recent scientific knowledge, incorporating the ecological rationality of natural systems as one of
its guiding principles, as this ultimately affects the dynamics of planet Earth and his climate, and to which

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the economic rationality should be subordinated. The emission reduction goals set for the short and
medium term should enable the fulfillment of this long-term goal.

12.

[[The long-term global goal for emission reductions {shall}[should] reflect all elements of the

Bali Action Plan, including mitigation, adaptation, finance and technology. It should be set] [In order to
achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention as contained in its Article 2, the Parties shall work
towards] [The shared vision may include a long-term goal for global GHG emissions reductions of at
least halving global emissions relative to 1990 levels by mid-century, underpinned by ambitious mid-term
targets, based on sound science and in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention].

Option 1

[as a stabilization of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at [400] [450 or lower] [not more

than 450] [450] [least 450] ppm carbon dioxide equivalent (CO

eq) [and a temperature increase limited

to] [so that there is a very low or low level of risk that the global mean temperature rise will be] 2

C or

below above the pre-industrial level. For this purpose, the Parties {shall} [should] collectively [reduce
global emissions by at least [50] [85] [81-71] per cent {from 1990} levels by 2050.] [set an emission
reduction objective on the basis of historical responsibility and national circumstances] ]

Alternatives to Option 1:

Alternative 1

[keeping the increase in global mean surface temperature below 2

C compared with pre-

industrial levels, which requires reversing the trend of increasing global greenhouse gas emissions by
2020 at the latest, reducing these emissions by at least 50 per cent as compared with 1990 levels by 2050,
and continuing the decline thereafter.]

Alternative 2

[as a global emission reduction by at least 50 per cent from its current level by 2050.]

Alternative 3

[To keep the global temperature increase below 2

C with respect to the pre-industrial level with a

probability greater than 50per cent. For this purpose, all Parties shall collectively reduce global emissions
by at least 85 per cent from 1990 levels by 2050.]

Option 2

[as a stabilization of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere well below 350 ppm CO

eq and a

temperature increase limited to below 1.5

C above the pre-industrial level. For this purpose, the Parties

{shall} {should} collectively [reduce global emissions by {81–71}{more than 85} per cent from 1990
levels by 2050.] [set an emission reduction objective on the basis of historical responsibility and national
circumstances ]

Option 3

[as a global temperature increase limited to 2

C above the pre-industrial level.]

Option 4

[as a reduction in global average GHG emissions per capita to about 2 t CO

Option 5

[on the basis of

Option 5.1

historical responsibility and capacity and national circumstances .

Option 5.2

[emissions debt.]

Option 5.3

[per capita accumulative emission convergence.]

Option 5.4

[an equitable allocation of the global atmospheric resources.]]]

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Option 5.5

The long-term global goal for emission reductions should be set as a statistically robust
ceiling for the average global temperature increase strictly attributable to anthropogenic
interference having global effect, of [x] degrees Centigrade above mid-19th century
levels, with per capita accumulative emission convergence between all Parties.

Option 5.6

The long-term global goal for emission reductions shall be set as a stabilization of GHG
concentrations in the atmosphere at 350ppm carbon dioxide equivalent (CO

eq) with a

probability greater than 50per cent of a temperature increase of less than 2

C from

pre-industrial level. For this purpose, the Parties shall collectively reduce global
emissions by at least 95 per cent from 1990 levels by 2050.

Option 5.7

Sound science;

Option 5.8

Economic and technological feasibility;

Option 5.9

Supported and enabled by adequate technology, financing and capacity-building.

Alternatives to paragraph 12:

Alternative 1

[The shared vision shall take the form of preambular text that encapsulates both the long-term global

goal and pulls together the other elements of the agreed outcome, in the following form:

The Conference of the Parties,

Seeking to further implement the Convention, in light of evolving science and mindful of evolving

economic development and emissions trends,

Recognizing, in light of Article 2 (objective) of the Convention, the importance of identifying one or

more reference points in the mid-century timeframe that can guide the efforts of the Parties and the
international community and against which aggregate global efforts can be continually assessed,

Considering, in that regard, that [ ] is/are desirable global indicator(s),

Having a shared vision of [summary that ties together the elements of the agreement],

Hereby adopts [an implementing agreement].]

Alternative 2

[The global goal guiding the commitments and actions of all Parties under the Convention

towards the achievement of its ultimate objective shall be the stabilization of greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at not more than 450 parts per million of carbon dioxide equivalent.]

Alternative to paragraphs 11–12: Propose separating these paragraphs into a subsection titled
Objective:

[The objective of this Agreement is to achieve an environmentally sound response to climate

change through effective implementation of the Convention, with a view to achieving its ultimate
objective as provided in its Article 2, by:

(a)

stabilising atmospheric greenhouse gases at 450 parts per million carbon dioxide-equivalent

or lower, through unified long-term action that sets the world on a path to peak global emissions by [X]
and then reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by [X] per cent by [X] on [X] levels; and

(b)

galvanizing greater attention and efforts towards adaptation at all levels to minimise the

adverse impacts of climate change, to assist in building climate resilient communities and to enhance
sustainable development.]

13.

Developed Parties agree that they will, through their Carbon Neutral Strategy identify [Emission

pathways towards the long-term global goal for emission reductions require that global GHG emissions
peak [between 2010 and 2013] [by 2015] [by 2020 at the latest] [in the next 10–15 years] [in the next

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10–20 years]] and decrease thereafter, and the annual maximum reduction rate should be up to 4-5per
cent between 2015 and 2020 Developed country Parties should peak their emissions by 2015 and
developing country Parties should peak their emissions by 2025.

13.1

All Parties should aim at a long-term goal of achieving at least fifty per cent reduction of global

emissions of greenhouse gases from its current level by 2050, with a reference to scientific knowledge of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change through realization of a low carbon society and
development of innovative technologies. In order to achieve this goal, peaking-out of the global
emissions of greenhouse gases in the next ten to twenty years, 2015 for developed countries and 2025 for
developing countries, should be pursued and all Parties should share the vision on how to pave the way to
reduce global emissions by 2050 with flexibility and diversity of nationally appropriate actions.

13.2

To this end, Annex I Parties shall ensure that their emissions do not exceed their assigned

amounts calculated to reflect the full extent of their historical responsibility and an equitable allocation of
the global atmospheric resource.

13.3

The Annex-I Parties have agreed to clearly delineate their historical responsibilities and their

respective contribution to the anthropogenic increase in the greenhouse gas emission. All Parties agree
that this was crucial in our collective effort to combat the adverse effects of climate change. All Parties
have further agreed that assigned amount calculated must reflect this historical contribution of the
Annex-I Parties in order to determine an equitable allocation of global atmospheric resources between the
developed and the developing countries. To this end:

13.4

To this end, Annex I Parties shall ensure that aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent

emissions do not exceed their assigned amounts, calculated to reflect the full extent of their historical
climate debt taking into account:

(a)

Responsibility of Annex I Parties, individually and jointly, for current atmospheric

concentrations of greenhouse gases;

(b)

The historical and current per-capita emissions originating in developed countries;

(c)

Technological, financial and institutional capacities; and

(d)

The share of global emissions required by developing countries in order to meet their social

and economic development needs, to eradicate poverty and to achieve the right to development.

14.

[To this end, [developed country Parties] [Parties included in Annex I to the Convention (Annex I

Parties)] [developed country Parties and other Parties included in Annex I to the Convention] [developed
country Parties included in Annex II to the Convention (Annex II Parties)], as a group, {shall} [should]
[reduce their GHG emissions] [deeply cut their GHG emissions] [reduce their domestic GHG emissions]:

(a)

[By at least 25–40] [By 25–40] [By more than 25–40] [In the order of 30] [By at least 40]

[by 45] [by at least 45] per cent from 1990 levels by [2020] [2017], through domestic and international
efforts; [with further reductions to be achieved through policies and measures that promote sustainable
lifestyles];

(b)

[And [by more than 95] [by at least 90] [by at least 85] [in the range of 75–85] per cent by

2050.]]

Alternative to subparagraph 14 (b):

[should transform their economies over the coming decades in order to collectively reduce their
greenhouse gas emissions by 80-95per cent by 2050 compared to 1990 levels.]

14.1

The difference between the assigned amounts of Annex I Parties and their actual greenhouse gas

emissions shall be quantified as an input for the consideration of fulfillment by Annex I Parties of their
commitments to provide financing, technology and compensation to developing countries for mitigating
and adapting to climate change.

14.2

The difference between the assigned amounts of Annex I Parties and their actual GHG emissions

shall be quantified {as an increase in their emissions debt/accumulated per capita emissions/use beyond
their equitable allocation of the global atmospheric resources} and shall provide the basis of fulfillment
by Annex I Parties of their commitments to provide financing, technology and compensation to
developing countries for mitigating and adapting to climate change.

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14.3

In light of a shared vision based on historic responsibility and an equitable allocation of a shared

atmospheric resource, and in accordance with the provisions of the Convention, Annex I Parties shall
provide new and additional financial resources to meet the full costs incurred by developing country
Parties in complying with their obligations under Article 12, paragraph 1, and the full incremental costs of
implementing measures that covered by Article 4, paragraph 1. They shall also provide new and
additional funding to cover the full incremental costs incurred by developing countries in implementing
nationally appropriate mitigation actions undertaken in the context of sustainable development.
Conference of Parties shall periodically review the adequacy of levels of financing required to support
mitigation and adaptation actions in developing countries, including a comprehensive review not later
than 2011.

14.4

In light of a shared vision based on historic responsibility/emissions debt/per-capita emissions

convergence/an equitable allocation of a shared atmospheric resource, Annex I Parties shall provide new
and additional financial resources to meet the full costs incurred by developing country Parties in
complying with their obligations under Article 12, paragraph 1, and the full incremental costs of
implementing measures that are covered by Article 4, paragraph 1. They shall also provide new and
additional funding to cover the full incremental costs incurred by developing countries in implementing
nationally appropriate mitigation actions undertaken in the context of sustainable development. Annex I
Parties commit the amount of { } billion {Euros/dollars} in order to enable mitigation and adaptation
actions in developing countries for the period now up to 2012. The Parties shall periodically review the
adequacy of levels of financing required to support mitigation and adaptation actions in developing
countries, including a comprehensive review not later than 2011.

14.5

In light of a shared vision based on historic responsibility/debt Annex I Parties shall provide new

and additional financial resources to meet the full costs incurred by developing country Parties,
particularly the most vulnerable countries including LDCs and SIDs, of meeting their commitments,
towards the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention.

15.

[Supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building from developed country

Parties, the GHG emissions of [developing country Parties][Parties not included in Annex I to the
Convention (non-Annex I Parties)], as a group, [shall] [should] [could] realistically change their emission
patterns by :

(a)

[{{Significantly deviate from the baseline by 2020} [Deviate in the order of 15–30 per cent

below the baseline by 2020]} [Deviating from the baseline by 2020] ;

(b)

[And] be reduced by 25 per cent from 2000 levels by 2050}.]]

The range of emission reduction in para 14(a) and 15(a) should be removed from shared vision chapter
and treated in the mitigation chapter

Alternative to paragraph 15:

[Developing Country Parties as a group, in particular the most advanced among them, shall

achieve a substantial and quantifiable deviation in the order of 15-30 per cent below business as usual by
2020, respecting the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities,
supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building.]

15.1

Non-Annex I Parties should formulate and implement NAMAs in the context of sustainable

development, in order to moderate the growth of GHG emissions to the extent commensurate with
support provided, in terms of technology and finance, by developed countries.

16.

Option 1

[The Parties shall periodically review the implementation by Parties of their commitments under

the Convention, overall progress towards the ultimate objective of the Convention and actions related to
mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology transfer and other means of implementation, in the light of
[the best available scientific information] [, including an assessment of climate change and its impacts]
[intergovernmental scientific] [the most up-to-date information released by the IPCC] [[as well as
relevant technical, social and economic information,] [the most recent scientific information provided by
the intergovernmental mechanism] and taking account of observed impacts and efforts made to adapt to
climate change], bearing in mind the changes of circumstances of the Parties, including [a]

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comprehensive review [not later than 2016] [at least five years before the end of the commitment period],
incorporating consideration of future emission reduction requirements and targets in the light of the [Fifth
Assessment] [findings of the latest assessment] Report of the IPCC.]

17.

Option 2 (in the case of a long-term global goal as defined in paragraph 12, option 3, above)

[The long-term global goal for emission reductions {shall}[should] be updated to reflect

[progress in scientific knowledge] [inter-governmentally accepted scientific assessment of anthropogenic
global climate change and its impacts]. [To allow for these updates, the 2

C goal {shall}{should} be

broken down into partial targets: initially, a 0.2

C temperature increase per decade over 10 decades.

Every 10 years, the partial target {shall}{should} be evaluated, with a view to possibly redefining it,
taking into account [advances in scientific knowledge] [recommendations of the IPCC as agreed by the
governments] and the reduction of uncertainties. In all cases, the probability of achieving the
temperatures goals should be greater than 50per cent.]]]]

Alternative to paragraph 17:

[This long-term target should be reviewed no later than 2015 and on a regular basis thereafter.

Such a review must be informed by the experiences and observations of Parties, the findings of the
IPCC-AR5 and other relevant scientific information. The Conference of Parties will be tasked with the
responsibility of setting interim short-term targets and monitoring the achievement of these targets. In
these reviews, adaptive risk management strategies, to compensate for shortfalls, should be utilized as
they allow for immediate progress and also permit for adjustment of strategies as actual outcomes and
impacts in SIDS are observed. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, the
precautionary principle dictates that lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for
postponing measures. In this context, the avoidance of further negative climate change impacts on SIDS
must be one of the key benchmarks for assessing the adequacy of our long-term goal.]

Review process in paragraphs 16 and 17 should be removed from the shared vision chapter and be
consolidated into a new chapter for cross-cutting issues, including:

x.1

The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall

undertake reviews of this Protocol, including the consideration of commitments of the Parties for
subsequent periods,

in the light of the best available scientific information and assessments on

climate

change and its impacts, as well as relevant technical, social and economic information, bearing in mind
the changes of circumstances of the Parties. The first review shall take place at least five years before the
end of the commitment period, and further reviews shall take place at regular intervals and in a timely
manner. Based on these reviews, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol shall take appropriate action, which may include the adoption of amendment to Annexes
B(commitments by developed country Parties) and Annex C (actions by developing country Parties).

x.2.

The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its

first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, identify elements, including the economic development
stages, response capabilities and shares of greenhouse gas emissions in the world, to be considered as
criteria for changes of circumstances of the Parties.

17.1

The new agreed post-2012 institutional arrangement and legal framework to be established for the

implementation, monitoring, reporting and verification of the global cooperative action for mitigation,
adaptation, technology and financing, should be set under the Convention. It should include a financial
and a facilitative mechanism drawn up to facilitate the design, adoption and carrying out of public
policies, as the prevailing instrument, to which the market rules and related dynamics should be
subordinate, to assure the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention.

17.2

The new institutional arrangement will provide technical and financial support for developing

countries in the following areas: (a) preparation, implementation and follow-up through monitoring,
reporting and verification of nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) by developing countries.
These activities could include options to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
(REDD); (b) preparation, implementation and follow-up of national adaptation programmes of action
(NAPAs) or national communications (NC) in developing countries; (c) technology needs assessments
(TNAs) for adaptation and mitigation under the NAMAs and the NAPAs or NC of developing countries;

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(d) capacity-building and enabling environments for adaptation and mitigation in developing countries;
(e) education, awareness raising and public participation, focused on youth, women and indigenous
peoples; (f) design and implementation of adaptation programmes and projects; (g) support for all
technological cycle phases: research and development (R&D), diffusion and transfer, including
acquisition of technologies for adaptation and mitigation, including the purchase or flexibility of patents.

17.3

The scheme for the new institutional arrangement under the Convention will be based on three

basic pillars: government, facilitative mechanism and financial mechanism, and the basic organization of
which will include the following:

(a)

The government will be ruled by the COP with the support of a new subsidiary body on

adaptation, and of an Executive Board responsible for the management of the new funds and the related
facilitative processes and bodies. The current Convention secretariat will operate as such, as appropriate.

(b)

The Convention’s financial mechanism will include a multilateral climate change fund

including 5 windows: (a) an Adaptation window, (b) a Compensation window, to address loss and
damage from climate change impacts, including insurance, rehabilitation and compensatory components,
(c) a Technology window; (d) a Mitigation window, and (e) a REDD window, to support a multi-phases
process for positive forest incentives relating to REDD actions.

(c)

The Convention’s facilitative mechanism will include: (a) work programmes for adaptation

and mitigation; (b) a long-term REDD process; (c) a short-term technology action plan; (d) an expert
group on adaptation established by the subsidiary body on adaptation, and expert groups on mitigation,
technologies and on monitoring, reporting and verification; and (e) an international registry for the
monitoring, reporting and verification of compliance of emission reduction commitments, and the transfer
of technical and financial resources from developed countries to developing ones. The secretariat will
provide technical and administrative support, including a new centre for information exchange.

II.

Enhanced action on adaptation and its means of implementation

Structural proposals:

Proposal 1

Adaptation chapter should be structured into six sections as follows:

1. A section on objectives

2. A section on the role of the UNFCCC

3. A section on guiding principles

4. A section on implementation of adaptation actions

5. A section on institutional arrangements

6. A section on monitoring and review of adaptation action and support.

The bulk of the current section D on risk reduction, management and sharing would be moved

into the section on implementation of adaptation actions. The current section C “means of
implementation” would not be included as a section under the adaptation chapter. This section would be
considered under the financing, technology and capacity-building chapter.

Proposal 2

Include a section on ‘Research and Systematic Observation’

The Bali Action Plan, in its paragraph 1 (c) (i–v), calls for enhanced action on adaptation, including consideration of

international cooperation to support urgent implementation of adaptation action; risk management and risk reduction
strategies; disaster reduction strategies and means to address loss and damage associated with climate change impacts in
developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change; economic diversification to build
resilience; and ways to strengthen the catalytic role of the Convention.

Parties referred to the following Articles of the Convention in submissions related to this section: Articles 3.4, 4.1, 4.3, 4.4,
4.5, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5, 6, 8.2(e), 9, 9.2, 11, 11.5 and 12.1.

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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Proposals for preambular paragraphs:

Proposal 1

Recognizing that low-lying and other small island countries, countries with low-lying coastal,

arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and developing countries
with fragile mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change,

Bearing in mind the specific needs and special circumstances of developing country Parties,

especially those that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, and of those
Parties, especially developing countries Parties that would have to bear a disproportionate or abnormal
burden under the Convention, Should be given full consideration,

Noting that adaptation and mitigation efforts should be given equal consideration, Taking into

account that although adaptation needs are already an urgent necessity, it is clear that early and ambitious
emission reduction by developed country Parties will decrease needed efforts and funding for adaptation.
Poor mitigation commitments and actions will impose a higher demand on adaptation measures and will
require additional funding.

Proposal 2

The Parties,

Being Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, hereinafter

referred to as “the Convention”

Recalling the provisions of the Convention,

In further pursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2,

Being guided by Articles 3.2, 3.3, 4.3 and 4.4,

Being further guided by the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy for the

Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island
Developing States,

Recalling the Bali Action Plan adopted by decision 1/CP.13 of the Conference of Parties to the

Convention at its thirteenth session,

Further acknowledging the findings of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change that warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and that delay in reducing
emissions significantly constrains opportunities to achieve low stabilization levels and increase the rise of
more severe climate change impacts,

Recognizing that deep cuts in global emissions will be required to achieve the ultimate objective

of the Convention and emphasizing the urgency to address climate change as indicated in the Fourth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,

Acknowledging the need to accelerate action to address the adverse effects of climate change.

Proposal 3

Recalling Article 4.1 of the Convention, stating all countries have a responsibility to cooperate in

preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate change.

Recognizing that adaptation occurs at local, regional, and national levels and is an inherent part of
development planning and implementation;

Recognizing existing commitments and agreements concerning development responsibilities, including
the Monterrey Consensus on financing for development and the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness;

Noting that there are major differences among the different regions of the world, and the States

which they comprise, in terms of environmental, economic and social conditions and level of
development which will lead to different judgments on priorities in addressing problems related to
adaptation to climate change;

Recognizing that the UNFCCC can serve as a catalyst for actions on adaptation and the value of

leveraging the work of existing organizations and institutions already involved in addressing climate-
related risks and opportunities;

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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Recognizing the need for greater efforts to adapt to climate change:

(a)

The Parties agree to further enhance the implementation of their common obligations under

Article 4.1(e) of the Convention; and

(b)

The Parties adopt the robust adaptation framework, which includes an overarching policy

strategy designed to stimulate actions to support domestic adaptation

Proposal 4

Recognizing that climate change poses a serious threat to social and economic development of all

Parties and noting that the LDCs and SIDS are particularly the most vulnerable to the adverse impacts of
climate change and that these groups of countries will suffer disproportionately;

Recognizing also the urgency and the immediacy of the climate change problem the Parties agreed on a
legally binding Adaptation Framework as set out in subsequent sections.

Proposal 5

Recognizing that special adaptation needs of the economically vulnerable developing countries

that are particularly dependent on fossil fuel production, use, and exportation, and that would have to bear
a disproportionate or abnormal burden, should be given full consideration.

Proposal 6

Recognizing responsibilities of Parties under Principle 21 of the Stockholm declaration, which

stipulates that activities within their jurisdiction or control shall not damage the environment of other
States or areas beyond national jurisdiction, and recognizing their responsibilities to urgently mitigate
emissions that are, through causing climate change, damaging, and will continue to damage, areas beyond
their national jurisdiction.

A. Objectives, scope and guiding principles

x.1

The objectives of the framework are:

(a)

To catalyze greater action on adaptation at all levels;

(b)

To galvanize national and international support for adaptation priorities in a range of sectors;

(c)

To help Parties build a robust approach in their respective adaptation efforts; and,

(d)

To promote climate-resilient development in a manner that is practical, informed by the best

science, environmentally sound, and economically efficient, and that promotes on-the-ground results.

x.2

Least Developing Country adaptation actions will be supported by financing, technology, and

capacity-building. Issues relating to finance and technology are discussed in their respective sections
elsewhere in the text.

x.3

Adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change is aimed at reducing the vulnerability and

increasing the resilience of ecological, social and economic systems to present and future climatic
changes, in order to minimize the threats to life and livelihoods, assets, amenities, ecosystems and
sustainable development.

x.4

Adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change is an urgent global problem that requires

long-term and coordinated actions, based on solidarity, and a shared responsibility for facilitating and
mobilizing support and action on adaptation.

x.5

International cooperation should galvanize greater attention and efforts towards adaptation at all

levels to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change, to assist in building climate resilient
communities and to enhance sustainable development.

18.

[International adaptation action and cooperation [shall][should] be enhanced with a view to

facilitating, [supporting and implementing] [and supporting the implementation of] [urgent and
immediate, medium-and long-term] adaptation action by [all] [developing countries] Parties at local,
subnational, national, regional and global levels, [enabled by means of implementation] [enabled and
supported by developed country Parties] [assisted, where appropriate, by means of implementation] to
respond effectively, coherently and in a timely manner to current and future impacts of climate change,
and impacts of response measures. Such cooperation [shall] [should] [take into account] [be prioritised
for] the asymmetries and the [urgent and immediate] specific needs and special circumstances of

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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[developing] [the least developed] countries, especially those that are [[particularly] vulnerable to the
adverse effects of climate change] [that are least able to adapt], and countries whose economies are highly
dependent on income generated from production, processing and export, and/or consumption of fossil
fuels and associated energy-intensive products (Article 4.8 h); and be consistent with national priorities
and development objectives at the national level and coordinated at the regional level, where appropriate,
especially between countries with shared natural resources, with a view to enhancing coordinated and
collective adaptation actions. Such cooperation should also take into account medium and long-term
needs.

Alternatives to paragraph 18:

Alternative 1

[International cooperation shall be enhanced with a view to:

(a)

Implement urgent and immediate, medium- and long-term adaptation action in all
Developing Parties, particularly low-lying and other small island countries, countries with
low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and
desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are
particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, at local, subnational,
national, regional and global levels, enabled by means of implementation, to respond
effectively, coherently and in a timely manner to current and future impacts of climate
change.

(b)

Facilitate and support implementation of adaptation action of all developing countries,
particularly low-lying and other small island countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid
and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and developing
countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the adverse
effects of climate change, by financial, technological and capacity-building support by
developed countries considering their historical responsibility.

(c)

Such cooperation shall take into account the urgent and immediate needs of all developing
countries that are particularly vulnerable, as stated in the preambular paragraph 19 and
Article 3.2 of the UNFCCC.]

Alternative 2

[As elaborated in the Bali Action Plan paragraph 1(c), to mobilise action on adaptation at all levels

that responds to the impacts that are already occurring and is sufficient to address the impacts that are
expected to occur in the future, taking into account the urgent and immediate needs of developing
countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, especially the least
developed countries and small island developing States, and further taking into account the needs of
countries in Africa affected by drought, desertification and floods.]

Alternative 3

[International cooperation should be enhanced with a view to facilitating the implementation of

actions on adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change in an effective, efficient, equitable,
transparent, coherent and timely manner, by all Parties, at local, regional and global levels. Such
cooperation should prioritise the needs of developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the
adverse effects of climate change, including by taking their urgent and immediate needs into account.]

Alternative 4

[A comprehensive adaptation programme is established, to enable, support, facilitate, and implement

urgent and immediate, medium- and long-term adaptation actions, by ensuring the predictable, stable,
adequate and timely flow of new and additional financial resources, and the development, deployment,
diffusion, and transfer of technology to support national, sub-regional and regional adaptation projects
and programmes in all developing country Parties, particularly LDCs and SIDS.]

Alternative 5

[International cooperation on adaptation is urgent shall be accorded the same level of priority and

emphasis as that given to mitigation. Such cooperation must be enabled by means of implementation

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
Page 25

from developed country Parties with a view to facilitating, supporting and implementing urgent and
immediate, medium and long-term adaptation action in developing countries so as to respond effectively,
coherently and in a timely manner to current and future impacts of climate change. Such cooperation
{shall}{should} take into account the urgent and immediate needs of Africa and other developing
countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. Such cooperation
should be consistent with national priorities, and development objectives, at the national level, and
coordinated at the regional level where appropriate, especially within countries with shared natural
resources with a view to enhance coordinated and collective adaptation actions.]

Alternative 6

[Adaptation strategies and measures/programmes/framework should be adopted to prevent, reduce

or minimize the adverse effects of climate change, particularly on the most vulnerable developing
countries, namely: the least developed countries, the small island developing states and the African
countries affected by drought, as well as the poorest and most vulnerable populations in other developing
countries as central America.]

Alternative 7

[A comprehensive framework for adaptation and its means of implementation shall be adopted

under the guidance of the Convention, and based on the principles and obligations acquired under it due
to their historical GHG emissions. The framework should enable, support, facilitate and implement
adaptation actions, by ensuring the predictable, stable, adequate and timely flow of new and additional
financial resources and the development, deployment, diffusion, and transfer of technology to support
national, subnational, regional, and sub-regional adaptation projects and programmes to address the
adverse effects of climate change in all developing countries, in accordance with the preambular of the
Convention (preambular paragraphs 19 and 20) and its Article 4.4, 4.8 and 4.9.]

18.1

[The objective of the adaptation framework is to enhance long-term cooperative action on

adaptation in a manner that reduces the adverse effects of climate change and builds resilience to its
impacts.

18.1.1 Adaptation is a challenge shared by all Parties.

18.1.2 In their actions to achieve the objective of the adaptation framework, Parties should be guided,
inter alia, by the following considerations:

(a)

Priority should be given to those most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change

and least able to adapt;

(b)

Adaptation efforts should be country-driven where national governments identify and

communicate needs, priorities, and responses that are aligned with national priorities and that will
enhance their capacities to adapt;

(c)

Adaptation should be based on a solid foundation of scientific and technical knowledge,

including traditional knowledge;

(d)

Strong enabling environments include appropriate policy, legal and regulatory frameworks,

and well-functioning markets that provide a foundation for increased flows of investment; and

(e)

Risk reduction should be pursued to build resilience to climate change impacts.

18.1.3 The UNFCCC should play a catalytic role and continue to work cooperatively with other
organizations on the broad range of initiatives required to address adaptation. Particular effort should be
taken to enhance cooperation amongst intergovernmental organizations on disaster risk reduction, poverty
reduction, and development with the goal of maximizing synergies and avoiding duplication of efforts.

18.1.4. Parties, working collectively and taking into account their common but differentiated
responsibilities and respective capabilities, should:

(a)

Exchange information and knowledge at the local, regional, and international level in a

manner that allows for sharing of best practices and lessons learned to facilitate scaled up action on
adaptation;

(b)

Enhance data collection and availability to inform adaptation planning;

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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(c)

Build capacity for enabling environments in a manner that leads to progress on adaptation;

and

(d)

Enhance coherence and facilitate linkages with other international, regional and national

organizations, programmes, and bodies that are implementing adaptation-related actions.

18.1.5. In furthering the implementation of the adaptation framework, Parties should be guided, inter
alia, by the following, in the context of national adaptation planning processes and activities:

(a)

Consideration of adaptation during national and sectoral planning, through an integrated and

programmatic approach;

(b)

Adaptation to climate change impacts be addressed at the local, subnational, national and

regional level, as appropriate.

(c)

Inclusive dialogue with all relevant stakeholders be promoted in the identification of

priorities.]

18.2

For the purposes of this agreement, the definitions contained in Article 1 of the Convention shall

apply. In addition:

(a)

“Conference of the Parties” means the Conference of the Parties to the Convention.

(b)

“Convention” means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,

adopted in New York on 9 May 1992.

(c)

“Particularly vulnerable developing countries” are developing country Parties that are

particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, especially least developed countries and
small island developing States and countries in Africa affected by drought, desertification and floods;

(d)

“Party” means, unless the context otherwise indicates, a Party to this agreement.

18.3

The objective of the Adaptation Framework is to enhance climate resilient development,

including enhancing resilience of most vulnerable communities, particularly in most vulnerable countries
through implementation of concrete, integrated and practical adaptation programmes.

18.4

International cooperation on adaptation shall be accorded the same level of priority and the

emphasis given to mitigation. Such cooperation must be enabled by developed country Parties with a
view to facilitate support, implement urgent and immediate medium and long-term adaptation actions in
developing countries so as to respond effectively, coherently and in a timely manner to current and future
impacts of climate change.

18.5

Articulation of vulnerability should be consistent with the Bali Action Plan, and be consistent

throughout the text.

18.6

The COP shall adopt:

19.

[A comprehensive, robust, flexible, cooperative and action-oriented adaptation [framework]

[programme]

[implementation framework/strategy/programme] [mechanism] [shall] [should] be

established to [enable,

support and implement] [guide] adaptation action, [and] [in order] to reduce

vulnerability and build resilience for all populations to the adverse impacts of climate change in all
developing countries, particularly low-lying and other small island countries, countries with low-lying
coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and developing
countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of
climate change. It (framework/strategy/programme) [shall] [should] encompass provisions for:

Alternative to the chapeau of paragraph 19:

[The comprehensive adaptation programme should be flexible and country-driven. It

{shall}{should} encompass provisions for:]

(a)

Implementation of adaptation action in all developing countries, particularly low-lying and

other small island countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to
floods, drought and desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are
particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, including:

Other formulations proposed include the establishment of a “mechanism” or an “instrument”.

Other formulations proposed include “stimulate” and “facilitate”.

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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(i)

Enabling [activities][environments] to support adaptation action, including the

insertion of climate change considerations into national development plans, and but
not limited to the preparation of national, regional and local adaptation plans

and

projects (as referred to in para. 23 below) to promote robust, resilient economic
growth to benefit societies at all levels of development;

(ii)

[Adaptation actions, [including those] identified in the national adaptation plans;]

Alternatives to subparagraph 19 (a)(ii):

Alternative

[Adaptation actions, including those identified in national development plans, and in national,
regional and local adaptation plans and projects.]

Alternative

[Adaptation actions, including but not limited to, as outlined in Decision 1/CP.10 and 5/CP.7,
those identified in the national adaptation plans; support for the implementation of NAPAs;]

Alternative

[Adaptation actions, including economic diversification among others especially those identified
in the national adaptation plans (refer to decisions 1/CP.10 and 5/CP.7);]

(ii).1 Risk reduction and management

(ii).2 Implementation of urgent and immediate, medium- and long-term adaptation actions

in all developing country Parties, particularly LDCs and SIDS, supported by
developed country Parties

(b)

[[Means of implementation, including] [support, in terms of] finance,
technology and capacity-building;]

Alternative to subparagraph 19 (b):

[Means of implementation to be provided to developing countries by developed countries,
including finance, development and transfer of technology and capacity-building;]

(c)

[Risk reduction, management, prevention and sharing, including insurance [and
addressing loss and damages] that do not simply distribute the risk among the
already vulnerable;]

(d)

[Institutional arrangements]

(d).1 Reducing the impact of response measures on developing countries through -

inter alia-economic diversification;

(e)

Monitoring and review of adaptation [action and] support.]]

(e).1

Reduce vulnerability at local level

Alternative to paragraph 18 and the chapeau of paragraph 19:

[A strategic (framework)(mechanism) for adaptation and its means of implementation shall be

adopted, based on the principles and obligations under the Convention. The (framework)(mechanism)
shall provide a comprehensive and structured approach to enable, support, facilitate, and implement
adaptation actions, including through the provision of adequate, predictable and timely flow of new and
additional financial resources, and the transfer of technology to enable urgent and immediate national,
sub-regional and regional adaptation activities and programmes in all developing countries. It shall
encompass provisions for:]

Alternatives to paragraph 19:

Alternative 1

[The Adaptation Framework shall consist of both the development and implementation of short,

medium and long-term National Adaptation Programmes.]

Other formulations proposed include “programmes” or “strategies” and retaining the term “national adaptation programmes of

action” in an initial phase, with the second phase being termed “national adaptation plans”.

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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Alternative 2

[Establish a comprehensive and action oriented programme on the implementation of adaptation

action. This programme should provide support and facilitate urgent and immediate adaptation action
that reduces vulnerability and builds resilience of developing countries to impacts that are already
occurring, including impacts of droughts and increasing numbers of extreme weather events, and impacts
that are expected to occur in the future by:

(a)

Providing access to means of implementation (finance, technology and
capacity-building) for implementing urgent and immediate adaptation action, at
regional and country level;

(b)

Implementing urgent and immediate adaptation action at national, regional and
global levels;

(c)

Promoting coherence and facilitating linkages with other international, regional
and national programmes, bodies and stakeholders that are implementing
adaptation and related activities, including the Nairobi Work Programme.]

Alternative 3

[To develop and implement a structured but flexible country-driven approach to adaptation that

provides for:

(a)

International cooperation to support urgent implementation of adaptation actions, including:

(i)

Adaptation actions, including those identified in national adaptation plans, national

communications, national adaptation plans of action, technology needs assessments
and other relevant national strategies;

(ii)

Enabling activities to support adaptation action, including the preparation of national

adaptation plans;

(iii)

taking into account the urgent and immediate needs of developing countries that are

particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, especially the least
developed countries and small island developing States, and further taking into
account the needs of countries in Africa affected by drought, desertification and
floods;

(b)

Institutional arrangements under the Convention process that co-ordinate adaptation efforts
at the international and regional levels to support country-driven priorities;

(c)

National-level adaptation planning and implementation mechanisms, establishing and
building on existing processes and methodologies where available and appropriate, for
example national reports including national communications or national adaptation plans of
action, as appropriate;

(d)

New, additional and predictable financial resources separate and apart from ODA that are
supported by appropriate institutional mechanisms;

(e)

A dedicated funding mechanism for adaptation;

(f)

Risk management and risk reduction strategies, including risk sharing and transfer
mechanisms such as insurance through a mechanism to address loss and damage from
climate change impacts,

(g)

Enhanced capacity at all levels in developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable
to the adverse effects of climate change, especially least developed countries and small
island developing States and countries in Africa affected by drought, desertification and
floods;

(h)

Priority actions under adaptation targeting the needs of the developing country Parties that
are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, especially least
developed countries and small island developing States and countries in Africa affected by
drought, desertification and floods;

(i)

Knowledge sharing and transfers of adaptation technologies;

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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(j)

Adaptation actions that incorporate ecosystem strategies where appropriate.]

Alternative 4

[A Framework for Action on Adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change is hereby

established to facilitate and mobilise support and actions on adaptation, to guide the Parties and to provide
a basis for their activities to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change. Parties are encouraged to
take the Framework into account in their cooperation with and support to relevant intergovernmental,
regional and non governmental organisations as well as the private sector. The Framework for Action on
Adaptation should be guided and informed by Convention Articles 4.1 (b), (e) and (f), and will facilitate
the implementation of adaptation action that should:

(a)

Be country driven and context specific, responding to local needs, and ensuring
that decisions are taken in line with the principle of subsidiarity;

(b)

Promote climate-resilient development;

(c)

Be undertaken within a nationally coordinated approach and be consistent with
and integrated into local, national and regional development objectives, plans,
and policies;

(d)

Be flexible, bottom-up, and involve all relevant stakeholders, with a view to
enhancing ownership of the implementation of adaptation actions at local,
national and regional levels;

(e)

Be informed by the best available scientific research, observation and
assessment on climate change, impacts and vulnerabilities, and adaptation, be
environmentally sound, economically efficient, effective and promote on-the-
ground results;

(f)

Be supported by improved access to adequate, predictable and sustainable
financial resources and technical support;

(g)

Be supported by coherent international support;

(h)

Take into account the urgent and immediate needs of the particularly vulnerable
developing country Parties, especially, least developed countries (LDCs), small
island developing States (SIDS) and countries in Africa affected by drought,
desertification and floods;

(i)

Prioritise the adaptation needs of the most vulnerable communities and groups,
such as women and children.

The Framework for Action on Adaptation should cover areas for enhanced action including,
inter alia:

(a)

Supporting the implementation of immediate priorities and needs as identified
in NAPAs and other relevant documents;

(b)

Improving the knowledge and information bases including research and
systematic observation;

(c)

Integrating adaptation into development and sectoral policies and practices, to
ensure their effectiveness and sustainability;

(d)

Establishing and strengthening enabling environments (policy, legislative and
institutional) to support, enable, enhance and incentivise adaptation planning
and actions;

(e)

Strengthening synergies and coherence with other adaptation related efforts,
such as the Hyogo Framework for Action, for example with measures to
prevent, reduce, manage and share risk, including early warning systems, spatial
planning and insurance-related activities;

(f)

Mobilising means of implementation including finance, technology and
capacity-building for adaptation;

(g)

Monitoring and review of effectiveness of adaptation actions.]

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Alternative 5

[A comprehensive adaptation framework shall enable, all Parties to reduce vulnerability and build

resilience to the adverse impacts of climate change. The adaptation framework shall guide adaptation
processes by all Parties. The adaptation framework shall be catalytic and established based on following
assumptions:

(a)

Be country-driven;

(b)

Promote coherence and facilitate linkages with other international, regional and
national programmes, bodies and stakeholders that are implementing adaptation
and related activities;

(c)

Adopt a learning-by-doing approach;

(d)

Coordination and integration with risk assessment and management,
recognizing the Hyogo Framework for Action as the main vehicle for disaster
risk reduction.]

Alternative 6

[A comprehensive, robust, cooperative and action-oriented adaptation framework of implementation,

flexible, structured and country-driven shall be established to enable, support and implement adaptation
action, and to reduce vulnerability to the adverse impacts of climate change and to recognize and honour
the adaptation debt of developed countries. It should encompass provisions for:

(a)

Implementation of adaptation action, including:

(i)

Enabling activities to support implementation of adaptation action, including the

preparation of national adaptation plans (as referred to in para. 23 below);

(ii)

Adaptation actions, including those identified in the national adaptation plans;

(b)

Means of implementation, including finance, transfer of technology and
capacity-building;

(c)

Risk reduction, management and sharing, including insurance and addressing
loss and damages;

(d)

Institutional arrangements on adaptation under the Convention, which shall
include a facilitative mechanism, with an expert panel, a permanent programme
on adaptation, as well as a financial mechanism;

(e)

Monitoring and review of the financial support to adaptation implementation
such as transfer of financial resources for technology transfer,
capacity-building and systematic research observation.]

19.1

The framework/strategy/programme for adaptation shall, be consistent with the provisions of the

UNFCCC, and build upon existing processes and mechanisms, including the Nairobi Work Programme
(NWP), and the National Adaptation Plans of Actions (NAPAs), the Technology Needs Assessments
(TNAs), and the financial needs assessments under the NEEDS project conducted by the secretariat, for
those developing countries that have undertaken, or will undertake these actions, and promote coherence
in the way that adaptation is addressed under the Convention.

19.2

The action oriented framework should provide access to means of implementation, and include

those enabling activities/environments that directly support adaptation projects and program.

20. Option

[Adaptation should encompass only action to respond to the adverse effects of climate change.]

Alternatives to paragraph 20:

Alternative 1

[Adaptation should encompass only action to respond to the adverse effects of climate change in all

developing countries, particularly low-lying and other small island countries, countries with low-lying
coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and developing
countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of
climate change.]

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Alternative 2

[Adaptation should encompass only action to respond to the adverse effects of climate change in

all developing countries, particularly low- laying and other small island countries, countries with
low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and
developing countries with fragile mountains ecosystem are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects
of climate change. Priority should be given to vulnerable groups and vulnerable sectors based on national
circumstance in developing countries as informed by the best available science, based on scientific and
traditional knowledge as appropriate, environmentally sound, and economically efficient socially
acceptable, and that promotes on-the-ground results in line with environmentally, economically and social
sound development.]

21. Option

[Adaptation also encompasses adaptation to the impact of the implementation of response

measures.]

Alternative to paragraph 21:

[Adaptation also encompasses actions to respond to the adverse effects of climate change as well

as to the impact of the implementation of response measures.]

Alternatives to paragraphs 20–21:

Alternative 1

[Adaptation actions should encompass action to respond to the adverse impacts of climate change,

reducing vulnerability to climate variability and climate change, and mitigating adverse impacts of
response measures.]

Alternative 2

[Adaptation should encompass the adverse impacts of climate change on vulnerable developing

and the least developed countries (Article 4.8 and 4.9) as well as the impact of response measures
(Article 4.10).]

21.1

The Convention should assume a catalytic role in guiding adaptation activities at the international

level, including cooperative action by all Parties and by relevant international, regional and national
organisations and institutions. The Convention process can facilitate the provision of appropriate
information on the scientific and technical aspects of adaptation, the sharing of experiences and
knowledge in implementing adaptation activities, and the linking of national entities and implementing
agencies with necessary expertise.

Proposed new subheading: Guiding principles

22.

[The implementation of the adaptation [framework][programme] [shall][should]:]

Alternatives to the chapeau of paragraph 22:

Alternative 1

[The implementation of the adaptation framework/programme/ strategy shall apply for all

developing countries low-lying and other small island countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid
and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and developing countries with
fragile mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change:]

Alternative 2

[National programmes and activities shall be consistent with the particulars provided under the

international framework of adaptation. The National Adaptation Programmes shall be developed through
broad and wide consultations of stakeholders, taking into account gender consideration and most
vulnerable groups. The national adaptation programme shall be country driven and approved by the
highest political levels within the country and communicated to the COP:]

Alternative 3

[The following principles should guide the implementation of adaptation action:]

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Alternative 4

[The implementation of the adaptation framework shall be consistent with the Articles of the

Convention:]

(a)

[Be undertaken in the context of the following:]

Alternatives to subparagraph 22 (a):

Alternative 1

[Be guided by principles and commitments of the Convention]

Alternative 2

[Be country driven]

Alternative 3

[Address the concerns of all vulnerable groups whose adaptive capacity is low, and in particularly
gender and youth concerns, recognizing that women and children are particularly affected by the
impacts of climate change]

Alternative 4

[Reflect indigenous knowledge and practice]

(i)

[[Subsidiarity, with adaptation] respond[ing] to local needs, and decisions being
taken at the [lowest] appropriate level;]

Alternatives to subparagraph 22 (a)(i):

Alternative 1

[Subsidiarity, with adaptation responding to local needs, and decisions being taken
at all required levels, including the lowest possible appropriate level]

Alternative 2

[Subsidiarity, with adaptation responding to local needs and taking into account the
country-driven approach, especially the indigenous peoples’ and the local
communities’ views and the most vulnerable groups, such as indigenous peoples,
the artisanal fishermen, women, children, and elderly, among others.]

(i).1

Facilitate direct access to finance

(ii)

[The international application of [The polluter pays principle considering historical
emissions];]

(iii)

[Promoting [climate-resilient] [sustainable] development [in a manner that is
practical, informed by the best available science and traditional knowledge as
appropriate, environmentally sound, and [economically efficient] socially
acceptable, and that promotes on-the-ground results in line with environmentally,
economically and socially sound development];]

(iii).1

The precautionary principle

(iii).2

Public financing for adaptation shall be assessed contributions of developed
country Parties to the Convention, taking into account historical contribution to
concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

(iii).3

Access to Adaptation funds by Parties shall be inversely proportional to their
contribution to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

(iii).4

The respect for, protection and promotion of fundamental human rights and basic
rights as outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, International Covenant on
Cultural and Political Rights and other relevant conventions and treaties

(a).1

Be strictly guided by the principles of the Convention;

(a).2

The financial and technology support are commitment of developed country Parties under
UNFCCC;

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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(b)

[[[Be legally binding, and] include] [Include legally binding] provisions for
ensuring the compliance of Annex II Parties with their financial commitments
to support enhanced action on adaptation in developing countries;]

Alternative to subparagraph 22 (b):

[Provisions for ensuring the compliance of developed country Parties with their financial and
technology transfer commitments shall be legally binding;]

(c)

[Be supported by new, predictable, sustainable, timely, adequate sufficient and stable
financial resources [provided by developed country/Annex II Parties] [from developed
countries and] [additional to official development assistance (ODA)] through a coherent
institutional mechanism established under the Convention to channel financial and technical
resources;]

Move subparagraph 22 (c) to chapter IV.A on Finance.

Alternative to subparagraph 22 (c):

Alternative 1

[Financial provided by developed countries Parties to enhance adaptation actions in developing
countries shall be predictable, adequate, new and additional to ODA in timely manner;]

Alternative 2

[Be supported by new, predictable, sustainable, timely, adequate and stable financial resources
which are additional to resources provided by developed country Parties to meet their existing
official development assistance (ODA) targets;]

(d)

[Be flexible, [bottom-up], [results-based] and country-driven, involving all relevant
stakeholders, including women and especially indigenous peoples and local communities,
with a view to enhancing [ownership] [joint robust governance] of the process of building
resilience, [at local, subnational, national and regional levels] [, of the implementation of
adaptation actions, including ownership of the means of implementation provided];]

(e)

[Be undertaken in a holistic, programmatic and [integrative manner, avoiding [fragmentation
of] [stand-alone] adaptation action and support thereof]];

(f)

[[Promote coherence [and] facilitate linkages] with other international, regional and national
programmes, bodies and stakeholders that are implementing adaptation and related
activities;]

(f).1

Adaptation planning should integrate land and water resource management at the ecosystem,

watershed, or other appropriate scale

(g)

[Facilitate and promote an integrated cross-sectoral and best [practice approach] including
coastal and ocean management;]

Alternative to subparagraph 22 (g):

[Promotes cross sectoral priorities especially integrated land and water resource management]

(h)

[Be [consistent with] [inserted into] [integrated with] local, subnational, national and
[regional development objectives], programmes and plans;]

Alternative to subparagraph 22 (h):

[Be consistent with local, subnational, national development objectives, programmes and plans, and
coordinated with regional programmes without compromising the countries’ sovereignty;]

(h).1 Enhance bilateral and regional cooperation in accordance with existing legal frameworks,

where appropriate, especially between countries with shared or trans-boundary resources

(h).2 Enable regional assessments of vulnerability and of impacts of adaptation actions and

measures between countries with shared natural resources

(i)

[[Be consistent with the principles under] [Take into account, where possible principles of
other relevant Conventions such as ] the Convention on Biological Diversity, the United
Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, [and] the United Nations Declaration on the

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of
Discrimination Against Women;]

Alternatives to subparagraph 22 (i):

Alternative 1

[Recognize the need to respect indigenous rights and be consistent with relevant international
instruments, obligations and laws;]

Alternative 2

[Promote synergies with other relevant international agreements such as the Convention on
Biological Diversity, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, the United Nations
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Convention on the Elimination of all forms
of Discrimination Against Women, among others;]

Alternative for subparagraphs 22 (f),(g),(h) and (i):

[Facilitates linkages with:

(i)

Other international, regional and national programmes, bodies and stakeholders
that implementing adaptation and related activities;

(ii)

Local, sub national, national and regional development objectives where possible;

(iii)

Similar activities being undertake, if any, in pursuance of the Convention on
Biological diversity, the UNCCD and relevant Declarations including UN
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]

(j)

[Address the concerns and/or build the resilience of all developing countries, particularly
low-lying and other small island countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid and semi-
arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and developing countries with
fragile mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate
change [, inter alia] all countries:]

Alternatives to chapeau of subparagraph 22 (j):

Alternative 1

[Prioritizing the most vulnerable to climate change impacts that are least able to adapt]

Alternative 2

[Be consistent with the specific needs and concerns of the developing country Parties arising from
the adverse effects of climate change arising out of]

Alternative 3

[Address the needs to implement adaptation actions in:]

(i)

[Particularly vulnerable developing country Parties, [especially] [including]:]

[Least developed countries (LDCs), and small island developing States
(SIDS) [and countries in Africa and Asia affected by drought,
desertification and floods and landslides];]

[Poor developing countries;]

[Low-lying and other small island countries, countries with low-lying
coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, landslides,
drought and desertification, [archipelagic countries,] and developing
countries with fragile mountainous and highland ecosystems and
landlocked countries;]

[Countries with unique biodiversity, [tropical] and mountainous glaciers
and fragile ecosystems, including coral reefs ;]

Countries with economies that are highly dependent on income generated
from the production, processing and export, and/or consumption of
fossil -intensive products and/or the use of fossil fuels for which such
Parties have serious difficulties in switching to alternatives

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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Alternatives to subparagraph 22 (j)(i):

Alternative 1

[Taking into account the urgent and immediate needs of developing countries that are particularly
vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, especially the LDCs, the small island developing
states and further taking into account the needs of African countries affected by drought,
desertification and floods.]

Alternative 2

[Countries whose economies are highly dependent on income generated from the production,
processing and export, and/or on consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy-intensive
products; and particularly vulnerable developing country Parties, especially]

Alternative 3

[Particularly vulnerable developing country Parties, as defined in the preambular 19 and the Bali
Action Plan and taking into account Article 3.2 of the UNFCCC]

Alternative 4

[Developing countries, especially those identified as the most vulnerable, as is stated in Convention,
in paragraphs 19 and 20 of the preambular, as well as in Article 4.4, 4.8 and 4.9]

Alternative 5

(a)

[Small island countries;

(b)

Countries with low-lying coastal areas;

(c)

Countries with arid and semi-arid areas, forested areas and areas liable to forest decay;

(d)

Countries with areas prone to natural disasters;

(e)

Countries with areas liable to drought and desertification;

(f)

Countries with areas of high urban atmospheric pollution;

(g)

Countries with areas with fragile ecosystems, including mountainous ecosystems;

(h)

Countries whose economies are highly dependent on income generated from the
production, processing and export, and/or on consumption of fossil fuels and
associated energy-intensive products; and

(i)

Land-locked and transit countries.]

(ii)

[[Particularly vulnerable populations, groups and communities] [Groups requiring
special protection], especially women, children, the elderly and indigenous
peoples, local communities, rural populations, subsistence fishermen and coastal
communities and critical infrastructure including through promoting a gender
perspective and a community-based approach to adaptation, if appropriate;]

(iii)

[Particularly vulnerable ecosystems and species, including through promoting an
ecosystem-based approach to adaptation understood as sustainable ecosystem
management, conservation and restoration activities, where appropriate, to support
adaptation;]

Alternatives to subparagraph 22 (j) (iii):

Alternative 1

[Particularly vulnerable populations, groups and communities, ecosystems and species, including
through promoting sustainable ecosystem management, conservation and restoration activities,
where appropriate, to support adaptation;]

Alternative 2

[Particularly vulnerable ecosystems and species, including through promoting a gender perspective
and a community-based and ecosystem approach to adaptation;]

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Alternative 3

[Countries with areas with fragile ecosystems, including mountainous ecosystems, estuaries, coastal
wetlands, mangroves, coral reefs, sea-grass beds, and sand dunes with particular attention to
sedimentations as well.]

(k)

[Be guided and informed by [sound scientific and technological knowledge][, including]
[emerging] scientific findings, by [continuous learning and] [[evidence-based vulnerability]
assessment processes] [, and by traditional knowledge];]

(l)

[Build upon experiences and lessons learned from past and ongoing adaptation actions,
including national, regional and local policies, measures and strategies, national adaptation
programmes of action (NAPAs), the Nairobi work programme on impacts, vulnerability and
adaptation to climate change, and traditional practices;]

(m)

[Adopt a learning-by-doing approach].

Alternatives to subparagraph 22 (m):

Alternative 1

[Take into account the learning-by-doing approach and replicated it.]

Alternative 2

[Adopt a learning-by-doing approach on adaptation planning and implementation, recognizing the
urgency to adapt in the absence of complete information and the need to develop and implement
flexible plans and programmes that can be updated on the basis of new information and learning.]

(m).1 Enhance, support and promote the local traditional adaptation methods which have been

experienced historically and successfully.

(m).2 Be consistent with priorities and development objectives at the national level and

coordinated at the regional level, where appropriate, especially between countries with
shared natural resources aimed at enhancing collective adaptation actions;

(m).3 Plan and implement adaptation actions in a transparent and well documented way that is

open to public scrutiny and discourse. Ensure the representation of key stakeholders,
especially representatives of vulnerable communities, marginalized groups, women, and
indigenous peoples at every stage of the process as appropriate – including in the governance
and disbursement of adaptation finance, planning, implementation, monitoring and reporting;

(m).4 Protect and sustainably manage the natural resource base and recognise that ecosystems and

the goods and services they provide (such as water, food, soil protection and carbon capture
etc.) underpin resilience and are fundamental to support human adaptation and sustainable
development;

(m).5 Adhere to the precautionary principle, agreed upon in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration

and Article 3.3 of the UNFCCC, in adaptation planning, decision-making and
implementation, with regard to the scale and nature of adaptation actions and to prevent mal-
adaptation. Any lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason to postpone or
scale down action on adaptation;

(m).6 Ensure adaptation actions deliver no-regret and multiple-benefit measures and avoid

mal-adaptation and conflict, and supports documentation and the scaling up of good
practices of implementation in community and national adaptation projects;

(m).7 Support the establishment of flexible long-term processes and mechanisms for adaptation in

recognition of the long-term nature of climate change impacts, respective adaptation and
climate-resilient development. Adaptation should be consistent with local,
subnational, national and regional development objectives, programmes and plans, and
consider ecosystem feedbacks to promote poverty reduction and long-term resilience;

(m).8 Encourage the engagement of a wide range of stakeholders, including the private sector and

civil society, in supporting and implementing adaptation action in developing country
Parties.

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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Alternatives to paragraph 22:

Alternative 1

[Principles

Enhanced action on adaptation now, up to and beyond 2012 should:

(a)

Be country driven;

(b)

Give priority to particularly vulnerable developing countries, especially the
least developed countries and small island developing states and further taking
into account the needs of countries in Africa affected by drought, desertification
and floods.

(c)

Be based on the polluter pays principle.]

Alternative 2

[Adaptation planning and implementation by all Parties shall be guided by principles of:

(a)

Subsidiarity, with adaptation responding to local needs, and decisions being taken at the
lowest appropriate level;

(b)

Integration, of adaptation into existing and future planning and decision making structures,
tools and budgets

(c)

Accountability, effectiveness, efficiency and transparency should guide all adaptation
actions]

Alternative 3

[Adaptation planning and implementation by all Parties shall be:

(a)

Flexible, bottom-up, results-based involving all relevant stakeholders, with a view to
enhancing ownership, at local subnational and national levels, of the implementation of
adaptation actions, including ownership of the means of implementation provided;

(b)

Facilitate and promote an integrated best practice approach and in particular build upon
experiences and lessons learned from past and ongoing adaptation actions, including national
adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs), the Nairobi work programme on impacts,
vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, and traditional practices;

(c)

Undertaken in a holistic and integrative manner, avoiding fragmentation of adaptation action
and support;

(d)

Consistent with local, subnational, national and regional development objectives,
programmes and plans;

(e)

Guided and informed by sound scientific and technological knowledge, including emerging
scientific findings, by continuous learning and
evidence-based vulnerability assessment processes, and by traditional knowledge;

(f)

Take into the account:

(i)

Particularly vulnerable populations, groups and communities, especially women,
children, the elderly and indigenous peoples, including through promoting a gender
perspective and a community-based approach to adaptation;

(ii)

Particularly vulnerable ecosystems and species.]

Alternative 4

[Recognize that, and give full consideration to, adaptation represents as an additional burden to

developing countries and must address the specific needs and special circumstances of all developing
country Parties, especially those that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.]

B. Implementation [of adaptation action]

x.1

Adaptation actions. Parties should commit to promote adaptation to climate change by:

(a)

Setting as their common goal sustained and effective action to address adaptation to the

impacts of climate change;

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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(b)

Taking immediate no regrets adaptation actions, wherever possible, using existing

knowledge, resources, plans and processes;

(c)

Integrating adaptation concerns into national, subnational, and sectoral development

programs and priorities;

(d)

Developing, reviewing, and reporting on national action programs on adaptation within [X]

years on the basis of national priorities and strategies; and,

(e)

Cooperating to build capacities and mobilize resources for the development and

implementation of such programs, in particular for the least developed countries.

x.2.

Adaptation planning. Parties should promote adaptation planning by:

(a)

Identifying major vulnerabilities to climate change;

(b)

Implementing planning that is multi-sectoral, includes prioritization of adaptation actions,

gives priority to the most vulnerable, and makes use of the best available scientific information and
analytical tools;

(c)

Integrating adaptation into development planning processes, strategies, and tools at multiple

levels and across sectors, developing national adaptation plans as appropriate, and reviewing and
reporting on these activities;

(d)

Undertaking assessment of impacts, vulnerability and adaptation (including costs and

benefits);

(e)

Promoting involvement, coordination and communication across a range of institutions,

agencies, private sector, and civil society;

(f)

Enhancing or developing the needed information and knowledge base (both biophysical and

socioeconomic), including improving scientific research, data systems and data collection, to support
adaptation and catalyze adaptation investments. This includes enhancing observations and data, and
making that data available, to inform assessment and planning for adaptation and provide inputs for
approaches such as parameterized insurance; and

(g)

Integrating knowledge, experiences and lessons learned from existing activities, including

those carried out at the community level as well as activities from ongoing initiatives such as the Nairobi
Work Programme into adaptation planning.

x.3

A comprehensive, robust, cooperative and action-oriented adaptation framework should be

established to enable and support the implementation of adaptation action, and to reduce vulnerability and
build resilience to the adverse impacts of climate change. It should encompass provisions for:

(a)

Implementation of adaptation action, including:

(i)

Enabling environments to support adaptation action, including the preparation of
national adaptation plans (as referred to in para. 23 below);

(ii)

Adaptation actions, including those identified in the national adaptation plans;

(b)

Means of implementation, including finance, technology and capacity-building;

(c)

Institutional arrangements;

(d)

Monitoring and review of adaptation action and support.

x.4

Adaptation action should encompass only action to respond to the adverse effects of climate

change. The adaptation framework should support and enhance the implementation of national
adaptation plans. Adaptation action includes:

(a)

Specific adaptation programmes, projects, and actions for implementation at local,

subnational and national levels, including activities identified in the national adaptation plans, and cross
sectoral and sector based activities;

(b)

Strategies and measures to reduce, manage and share risk, including early warning systems

and insurance-related activities;

(c)

Strategies and measures to build resilience, including through economic diversification;

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(d)

R&D, deployment, diffusion and transfer of adaptation technologies, including capacity-

building, taking into account sector-specific adaptation technologies, ecosystem-scale intersectoral
linkages and endogenous adaptation technologies.

[[Enabling [activities] [environments]] [International cooperation and support] to support adaptation
action]

x.1

Developing country Parties shall be assisted by developed country Parties to implement

adaptation activities, projects, programmes, strategies, actions identified through various national
processes, including in National Communications.

23.

[LDCs and SIDS [Parties] All developing country Parties}{Particularly vulnerable developing

country Parties}[shall] [should] formulate [and report on] their [national adaptation plans] [national
adaptation planning] [national adaptation programmes of actions (NAPAs)], assessing, identifying,
[costing] and prioritizing their urgent and immediate, and medium and long-term, adaptation needs,
[including needs related to risk management, reduction and [sharing],] that are consistent with national
and sectoral priorities. These plans [should] [could] be a component of low emission develop strategies
and:]

Alternatives to the chapeau of paragraph 23:

Alternative 1

[All developing country Parties, particularly low-lying and other small island countries, countries

with low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and
developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the adverse
effects of climate change may formulate and report on their national adaptation plans and its
implementation, assessing, identifying, costing and prioritizing their urgent and immediate, and medium
and long-term, adaptation needs, including needs related to risk management, reduction and sharing, that
are consistent with national and sectoral priorities. These plans should:]

Alternative 2

[All developing country Parties, with the support of financial resources from Convention Adaptation

Fund, technical and capacity-building, should formulate and update their national adaptation plans,
through assessing current and potential impacts of climate change, identifying and prioritizing their
urgent and immediate, and medium and long-term, adaptation actions and needs.]

Alternative 3

[Adequate finance must be provided for the implementation of NAPAs. In addition finance must be

provided to all developing country Parties to enable the formulation of their national adaptation plans,
inter alia assessing, identifying, costing and prioritizing their urgent and immediate, and medium and
long-term, adaptation needs, including needs related to risk management, reduction and sharing, that are
consistent with national and sectoral priorities. These plans should:]

Alternative 4

[All developing country Parties may, on voluntary bases, formulate and report on their national

adaptation plans and its implementation, assessing, identifying, costing and prioritizing their urgent and
immediate, and medium and long-term, adaptation needs, including needs related to risk management,
reduction and sharing, that are consistent with national and sectoral priorities. These plans should:]

(a)

[[Catalyse] [Support] actions [in and across different sectors], promoting
efficient [and effective] use of the financial resources for adaptation provided
by developed countries under the Convention;]

(a).1 Indicate areas of immediate actions and support in terms of means of implementation

(b)

[Emphasize [programmatic approaches], while also recognizing a place for
adaptation projects [under certain circumstances];]

(c)

[Inform domestic action and the [provision] [allocation] of increased
international financial support, possibly forming a component of a country’s
sustainable development plan;]

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(d)

[Be used to report on the effectiveness of adaptation actions in meeting stated
objectives;]

(e)

[[Consider the synergy between and the multiple benefits of, adaptation and
mitigation measures,] including those within which options concerning reducing
emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries
(REDD) are particularly relevant;]

Alternative to subparagraph 23 (e):

[Take into account the composition, resilience and productivity of natural and managed ecosystems,
and the support they provide to adaptation.]

(f)

[Take into account the [dynamics of natural systems] [natural systems and their dynamics].]

Alternative to subparagraphs 23 (e) and (f):

[Parties should indicate, where possible, potential synergies between adaptation and mitigation
measures, and indicate if the adaptation actions may have positive or negative consequences on
mitigation.]

(f).1

Impact assessment of actions undertaken in the context of shared and trans-boundary
resources

(f).2

Take into account relevant social and economic conditions, which should be consistently
defined and include gender considerations in order to enhance women’s capacity to act and
to contribute to adaptation actions effectively

(f).3

Integrate a gender perspective and community-based and participatory approach to
adaptation

(f).4

Consider land degradation

Alternatives to paragraph 23:

Alternative 1

[All Parties should:

(a)

Put in place enabling environments (policy, legislative and institutional) and integrate
adaptation into sustainable development policies and strategies at the local, national, regional
and international level;

(b)

Prioritize the needs and specific circumstances of the poorest and most vulnerable people
and indigenous groups in planning and development processes at local, sectoral and national
levels,

(c)

Support capacity-building efforts;

(d)

Support the supply and availability of adaptation technologies, climate information
(including through research and systematic observation), tools, methods and models,
particularly in the most vulnerable countries;

(e)

Identify, on a continuous basis, their country-specific adaptation needs, options and
priorities, taking into account their existing capacities and past and current adaptation
activities;

(f)

Share experiences, knowledge and data, including utilizing the services of relevant
institutions;

(g)

Promote the participation of a wide range of stakeholders including, national and
international organizations, civil society and the private sector;

(h)

Promote the co-ordination and sustainability of activities undertaken within this framework
including the efforts of national co-ordinating mechanisms and entities and focal points.]

Alternative 2

[All developing country Parties shall formulate and report on their national and/or thematic areas

adaptation plans, assessing, identifying, costing and prioritizing their urgent and immediate, and medium

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and long-term adaptation needs, including needs related to risk management, reduction and sharing, that
are consistent with national priorities. The national adaptation plans should include at least:

(a)

Vulnerability assessments;

(b)

Prioritization of actions;

(c)

Capacity-building strategies;

(d)

Means for integrating adaptation actions into thematic areas and national planning;

(e)

Identification of specific projects and programmes;

(f)

Identification of means to incentivize the implementation of adaptation actions;

(g)

Disaster risk and management strategies.]

Alternatives for subparagraphs of paragraph 23:

(a)

[Vulnerability assessments;

(b)

Prioritization of actions;

(c)

Financial needs assessments;

(d)

Capacity-building and response strategies;

(e)

Means for integrating adaptation actions into sectoral and national planning;

(f)

Identification of specific projects and programmes;

(g)

Identification of means to incentivize the implementation of adaptation actions;

(h)

Ways to enable climate-resilient development and reduce vulnerability;

(i)

Disaster risk management strategies;

(j)

Means to diversify the economy as an adaptation strategy.]

24.

[To promote the enabling [activities] [environments] to support adaptation action, [all Parties]

[Parties] [all developing country Parties] [shall][should]:]

Alternatives to the chapeau of paragraph 24:

Alternative 1

[Adequate predictable and sustainable finance must be provided to promote enabling activities to

support adaptation action and implementation, all developing country Parties should:]

Alternative 2

[To promote enabling activities to support adaptation action in all developing country Parties

Alternative 3

[To promote the enabling activities to enhance adaptation action, with the support of financial

resources from Convention Adaptation Fund, technical and capacity-building, all developing country
Parties should:]

Alternative 4

[To promote, enable and support the implementation of adaptation actions in all developing country

Parties:]

(a)

[[Promote the integration of][[Integrate] adaptation into development, disaster risk]
[Coordinate adaptation and disaster risk reduction and integrate these into development] and
poverty reduction plans, strategies, tools and policies at multiple levels [and across sectors]
recognising that climate change is an additional burden to development;]

Move subparagraph 24 (a) to paragraph 25

Alternative to subparagraph 24 (a):

[Integrate adaptation into public policies, strategies and tools, at multiple levels and across sectors;]

(a).1

Integrating sustainable development in economic diversification strategies

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(b)

[[Provide incentives to] [Promote] adaptation through inter alia [regulatory policies],
legislative changes, removal of barriers, involving women as active participants, and other
supportive approaches;]

Move subparagraph 24 (b) to paragraph 25

(b).1 Build resilience to climate variability and change into economic development activities and

institutions

(c)

[Build capacity, including institutional capacity[, through providing financial [and technical
support for]] [resources and technology development and transfer for]:]

(i)

[Operational planning of adaptation, including for detailed project design, costing
of adaptation, and increasing adaptive capacity;]

(i).1

Implementation of Adaptation actions

(ii)

[Systematic observation, data collection and archiving, analysis, modelling [and]
dissemination and application;]

(ii).1

Improved emergency response capabilities, including governance structures that
encourage efficient use and coordination of local, national, and international
resources;

(ii).2

Develop capacity for applying climatic information in sectoral planning as well as
cross-sectoral planning such as integrated water resources management;

(ii).3

Analyze institutional vulnerabilities in developing countries in order to build
national capacities in specialized areas, such as modelling, adaptation planning and
implementation, and strengthen the relevant institutional capacities;

(ii).4

Promote local and needs-oriented capacity-building activities for adaptation at all
levels, including through specific targeted training and technical support; including
building expertise to run and interpret complex models;

(c).1

Recognizing that climate change is an additional burden to development

(d)

[Undertake [sound] vulnerability and adaptation assessments including those at the local,
national and regional level, employing a range of decision-making tools and methodologies;]

(e)

[Share knowledge, information and experience at local, national, regional and international
levels, consistent with international agreements;]

(f)

[[Engage in] [Enhance] education and training programmes, research and public awareness-
raising, including public and stakeholders education and continued outreach;]

(f).1

Elaborate best practices that can guide immediate actions with an eye to building long-term
resilience to extreme events and disasters, including through implementation of the Hyogo
Framework for Action

(f).2

Undertake activities to improve risk management and risk reduction through strategies that
link development, climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction

(g)

[Encourage pilot projects to increase and create synergy and champions related to
microinsurance and risk pooling, where appropriate;]

Alternatives to subparagraph 24 (g):

Alternative 1

[Encourage pilot projects related to microinsurance and risk pooling; inform and involve the most
vulnerable groups in the decision making process and management of adaptation activities;]

Alternative 2

[Encourage pilot projects related to microinsurance and risk pooling as appropriate within a
country-driven approach to adaptation;]

Alternative 3

[Encourage pilot projects related to microinsurance and global risk pooling that do not impose
additional burdens to the already vulnerable;]

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Alternative 4

[Encourage pilot projects related to improve adaptive capacity]

(g).1 Minimize incentives that encourage mal-adaptation

(h)

[Engage in [a [three-year] pilot phase of] adaptation activities implemented cooperatively, to
catalyse rapid learning about adaptation good practice by supporting enhanced
implementation of demonstration projects, programmes and policies in vulnerable countries,
as well as regions, and communities groups, sectors, and ecosystems within all developing
countries;]

(i)

[[Establish a short-term work programme up to and beyond 2012 in order to support the
preparation and implementation of NAPAs, and to ] support the strengthening of observation
systems, the creation of databases for climate data, downscaling and targeted
capacity-building for long-term planning.]

Move subparagraphs 24 (h) and (i) to paragraph 25

Alternative to paragraph 24:

[Developed countries shall:

(a)

Improve access to new, additional and predictable financial flows;

(b)

Deliver on mitigation commitments to reduce the scale and costs of adaptation.]

Alternative to paragraphs 23–24:

Alternative 1

[x.1

All Parties shall develop, periodically update and make available to the Conference of Parties

national adaptation plans as a means of assessing current and potential impacts of climate change and
developing strategies to reduce these impacts through the implementation of adaptation action;

x.2

National adaptation planning procedures should build on existing processes and methodologies

where available and appropriate, e.g., national communications, national adaptation plans of action, and
technology needs assessment;

x.3

National adaptation plans could include, inter alia:

(a)

Vulnerability assessments;

(b)

Prioritization of actions;

(c)

Financial needs assessments;

(d)

Capacity-building and response strategies;

(e)

Means for integrating adaptation actions into sectoral and national planning;

(f)

Identification of specific projects and programmes;

(g)

Identification of means to incentivise the implementation of adaptation actions;

(h)

Ways to enable climate-resilient development and reduce vulnerability;

(i)

Disaster risk reduction and management strategies;

(j)

Means to diversify the economy as an adaptation strategy;

x.4

National adaptation plans may be developed and implemented at different time scales depending

upon national circumstances,

x.5

Developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change,

especially the least developed countries and small island developing States, and further taking into
account the needs of countries in Africa affected by drought, desertification and floods shall be provided
financial and technical assistance to develop and implement national adaptation plans.

x.6

Access to funds to implement priority adaptation activities identified by Parties shall not be

conditional on the completion of national adaptation plans.]

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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Alternative 2

[In the implementation of adaptation actions by all Parties should consider to:

(a)

The synergy between adaptation and mitigation measures, including those within which
options concerning reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in
developing countries (REDD) are particularly relevant;

(b)

Catalyse actions in different sectors, promoting efficient and effective use of the financial
resources for adaptation;

(c)

Share knowledge, information and experience at local, national, regional and international
levels;

(d)

Promote climate-resilient development in a manner that is practical, informed by the best
science, environmentally sound, and economically efficient, and that promotes
on-the-ground results;

(e)

Engage in education and training programmes, research and public awareness-raising;

(f)

Undertake sound vulnerability and adaptation assessments employing a range of
decision-making tools and methodologies;

(g)

Provide incentives to adaptation through regulatory policies, legislative changes, removal of
barriers and other supportive approaches;]

24.1

To promote the enabling activities to enhance adaptation actions in all developing countries, the

developed country Parties should:

(a)

Provide support to developing country Parties for the integration of adaptation into
sustainable development, disaster risk and poverty reduction plans, strategies, tools and
policies at multiple levels and across sectors;

(b)

Provide incentives to adaptation through regulatory policies, legislative changes, removal of
barriers and other supportive approaches;

(c)

Providing financial and technical support for building capacity, including institutional
capacity in developing country Parties;

(d)

Provide technical support to developing country Parties to undertake sound vulnerability and
adaptation assessments;

(e)

Share knowledge, information and experience at regional and international levels;

Implementation of adaptation actions

25.

[The adaptation [framework][programme] [shall] [should] support and enhance the

implementation of national adaptation programmes, projects, actions and plans. [Adaptation action]
[National Adaptation Plan] includes:]

Alternative for the chapeau of paragraph 25:

[The adaptation implementation framework shall support and enhance the implementation of

national adaptation plans in all developing countries, particularly low-lying and other small island
countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and
desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable
to the adverse effects of climate change. Adaptation action includes:]

(a)

[Specific adaptation programmes, projects, and actions for implementation at local,
subnational and national levels, including activities identified in the national adaptation
plans, [and cross-sectoral and sector-based activities] from the household up through
macro-level to ensure adaptation actions respond to needs of entire communities;]

Alternative to subparagraph 25 (a):

[Specific adaptation programmes, projects, and actions for implementation at all levels, including
local, subnational and national levels, activities identified in the national adaptation plans, and
integrated climate territorial plans as well as cross-sectoral and sector-based activities, including
NAPAs;]

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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(b)

[Programmes, projects, actions, strategies and measures to reduce, manage and share risk,
including early warning systems, insurance-related activities [and activities addressing loss
and damage from climate change impacts, including those arising from extreme weather
events] and gradual changes;]

(b).1 Implementation of short-, medium- and long-term adaptation actions, projects and

programmes identified in national adaptation plans

(c)

[Programmes, projects, actions, strategies and measures to [build resilience] [enhance
adaptive capacity], [including through economic diversification];]

(c).1

Strategies and measures geared to minimize adverse social, environmental and economic
impacts on developing countries identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9 of the
Convention;

(d)

[R&D, deployment, diffusion and transfer of [adaptation technologies] [technologies for
adaptation], including capacity-building, taking into account [sector-specific adaptation
technologies, ecosystem-scale intersectoral linkages and] endogenous national or regional
adaptation technologies in a voluntary manner and consistent with relevant international
agreements;]

(e)

[Activities related to national and international migration/planned relocation of climate
[refugees] [migrants] [displaced persons by extreme climate events].]

Alternatives to subparagraph 25 (e):

Alternative 1

[Activities related to national and international responses to people displaced by the impacts of
climate change]

Alternative 2

[Activities related to national and international migration and displacement or planned relocation of
persons affected by adverse impact of climate change]

Alternative 3

[Activities related to national and international migration/planned relocation of displaced individuals
and peoples due to the adverse effects of climate change]

(e).1

Improve knowledge of the socio-economic aspect of climate change and promote the
integration of socio-economic information into impact and vulnerability assessments.

(e).2

Exchange experience and opportunities on the Development and dissemination of
measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience.

(e).3

Exchange experience and lessons learnt in economic diversification, including ways to
develop institutional capacity, and improve understanding on how economic
diversification can be integrated into Sustainable development plans, especially those that
promote Sustainable economic growth and eradication of poverty.

(e).4

The Adaptation Framework shall encourage the development and implementation of
modalities of inter-State cooperation to respond to the needs of affected populations who
either cross on international frontier as a result of or find themselves abroad and are
unable to return due to the adverse effects of climate change

(e).5

Operationalize adaptation through existing and proven institutions and process including
ecosystem-based management and integrated coastal and ocean management and
processes at local, national, and regional scales

Alternatives to paragraph 25:

Alternative 1

[x.1

All Parties shall undertake adaptation actions to reduce vulnerability and to build their resilience

to the impacts of climate change.

x.2

Developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change,

especially the least developed countries and small island developing States, and further taking into

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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account the needs of countries in Africa affected by drought, desertification and floods shall be provided
with financial and technical assistance to support the implementation of adaptation actions as a means of
building resilience to the impacts of climate change, including inter alia:

(a)

Project level adaptation actions;

(b)

Sectoral level adaptation actions;

(c)

Administrative and legislative actions to build resilience;

(d)

Means to protect people displaced by the impacts of climate change;

x.3

Proposals for funding support for adaptation in developing countries that are particularly

vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, especially the least developed countries and small
island developing States, and further taking into account the needs of countries in Africa affected by
drought, desertification and floods, shall be:

(a)

Country-driven;

(b)

Guided by indigenous knowledge;

(c)

Funded in an expeditious manner;

(i)

Funded directly to governments and community organisations in accordance with

national policies or legislation.]

Alternative 2

[All Parties are encouraged to engage a wide range of stakeholders, including the private sector

and civil society, in supporting and implementing adaptation action in developing country Parties.]

26.

[National adaptation plans [are to be] [should] [reviewed and] updated {every three to four

years}.  National adaptation plans could be [reported] [included] as part of a country’s national
communication.] The developed country Parties shall provide new and additional financial
resources - above what is now provided for National Communications - to meet the agreed full costs
incurred by developing country Parties in compliance with their obligations under Article 12,
paragraph 1. (Art 4.3 of the Convention)

Alternatives to paragraph 26:

Alternative 1

[Implementation of national adaptation plans and actions could be reported as part of a country‘s

national communication.]

Alternative 2

[National adaptation planning processes should be ongoing and iterative, and activities should be

reported as part of a country’s national communication.]

Alternative 3

[National adaptation plans are to be updated, under the financial support from Convention

Adaptation Fund mentioned below, every four years.]

Alternative 4

[National adaptation actions should be reported as part of a country’s national communication.]

27.

[[All] [Annex I] Parties are encouraged to engage a wide range of their stakeholders, including

R&D institutions, Universities, research centers; local communities, the private sector and civil society,
indigenous peoples, women and children in supporting and implementing adaptation action [in
developing country Parties], bearing in mind that the involvement of the private sector and other
stakeholders should supplement and not substitute the role of the developed country Parties related to the
provision of financial resources and transfer of technology under the Convention.]

Move paragraph 27 and insert it as subparagraph 22 (m).9.

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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C. Means of implementation

Move section C to section B and change it into a subsection

Move section C to chapter IV.A on Finance

x.1

Commitments of support from Annex I Parties for implementation of Adaptation Framework

through financial and technology transfer shall be legally binding, with provisions of ensuring compliance
mechanism/monitoring, reporting and verification mechanisms.

x.2

Commitments of support from Annex I Parties for implementation of Adaptation Framework

through financial and technology transfer should be legally binding, with provisions of ensuring
compliance mechanism

x.3

Public financing for adaptation shall be assessed contributions of developed country Parties to the

Convention, taking into account historical contribution to concentrations of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.

x.4

For developing countries, climate change imposes an additional burden to development, and

finance for adaptation must therefore be additional to finance for development (ODA)

(a)

The provision of financial and technical support by developed country Parties for adaptation

programmes in developing countries is a commitment under the Convention that must be urgently
fulfilled, recognizing that climate change is an additional burden to sustainable development, and a threat
to achieving the Millennium Development Goals.

(b)

The Adaptation Programme must provide scaled up new, additional, adequate, predictable

and sustainable financial, technological and capacity-building support to address all key areas of the
Adaptation Programme in a manner that is holistic, and consistent with national and regional development
objectives, programmes and plans.

(c)

By 2020 the scale of financial flows to support adaptation in developing countries must be at

least USD 67 billion / year.

(d)

Finance for adaptation is a commitment by developed countries. There should be regular

reporting through national communications on the implementation by developed country Parties and other
developed Parties included in Annex II of their commitment under Article 4.4 of the convention to assist
vulnerable developing countries in meeting the cost of adaptation (may be better in reporting monitoring
section.

(e)

The financial mechanism of the Convention should support all stages of adaptation activities

and should therefore have commensurate resources.

x.5

The provision of financial resources, including technology transfer and capacity-building shall be

in accordance with Article 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5 of the Convention, and must provide scaled up new,
additional, adequate, predictable and sustainable financial, technological and capacity-building support to
address all key areas of the Adaptation Action Programme in a manner that is holistic, and consistent with
national and regional development objectives, programmes and plans. By 2020 the scale of financial
flows to support adaptation in developing countries must be in the range of USD 70-140 billion per year.

x.6

Developing country Parties, giving priority to the most vulnerable, shall be supported in their

adaptation actions, including adaptation planning and implementation, and support to adaptation action
{shall}{should} encompass provisions for:

(a)

Implementation of adaptation action;

(b)

Means of implementation, including finance, technology and capacity-building;

(c)

Institutional arrangements;

(d)

Monitoring and review of adaptation action and support.

x.7.

Parties should commit to:

(a)

Promoting the full range of available management tools and financing options

in implementing local, national or regional adaptation actions, including innovative
managerial and financial techniques;

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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(b)

Encouraging financial flows for adaptation to least developed countries and the

poorest and most vulnerable communities within countries;

(c)

Promoting the conditions that will encourage private sector investment to build

resilience in sensitive sectors; and,

(d)

Promoting access to appropriate technologies, knowledge and expertise to

address adaptation, in particular for least developed countries, and including creation of
enabling environments for the successful adoption of such technologies.

28.

[Taking into account the provisions of paragraphs 31–33 below, developing country Parties [and

Parties with economies in transition] [shall] [should] receive access

to finance, technology and

capacity-building,

to support adaptation action at local, subnational, national, regional and global levels,

including:]

Alternatives to the chapeau of paragraph 28:

Alternative 1

[Taking into account the provisions of paragraphs 31–33 below, developing country Parties {and

Parties with economies in transition}{shall}{should} be provided with finance, technology and capacity-
building by at least 0.5per cent of GDP of developed countries, to support adaptation action at local,
subnational, national, regional and global levels, including:]

Alternative 2

[Taking into account the provisions of paragraphs 31–33 below, developing country Parties,

particularly low-lying and other small island countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid and
semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and developing countries with fragile
mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change shall be
provided with finance, technology and capacity-building, to support adaptation action at local,
subnational, national, regional and global levels, including:]

Alternative 3

[Developed country support for adaptation actions in developing countries, in accordance with the

provisions of the Convention. Such actions may include:]

Alternative 4

[Taking into account the provisions of paragraphs 31-33 below, developing country Parties shall be

provided with finance on a continuous basis, technology and capacity-building, to support adaptation
action at local, subnational, national, regional and global levels, including:]

Alternative 5

[Taking into account the provisions of paragraphs 31–33 below, developing country Parties – those

Parties eligible to borrow from the World Bank (IBRD and/or IDA) or eligible recipients of UNDP
technical assistance through its country Indicative Planning Figure (IPF) – shall receive access to finance,
technology and capacity-building to support adaptation at local, subnational, national, regional and global
levels, including:]

Alternative 6

[The developed country Parties in order to pay their adaptation debt to the developing country

Parties should give finance, transfer technology and capacity-building, to support adaptation action at
local, subnational and national as well as for stand-alone projects/actions:]

(a)

[Activities referred to in section B above and paragraph 30 below relating to the
implementation of adaptation actions and enabling [activities] [environments] to support
those actions;]

(b)

[Identified adaptation programmes, projects or actions, such as those arising from [national
sustainable development strategies],] risk reduction strategies, [poverty reduction strategies,]
national communications and NAPAs and other relevant instruments;]

Principles and criteria proposed for access to financial resources are indicated in paragraph 166 below.

Criteria proposed for the scale and the nature of financial support are reflected in paragraph 171 below.

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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Alternatives to paragraph 28:

Alternative 1

[Means of Implementation

(a)

Adaptation actions identified and prioritised by developing country Parties in their national
adaptation plans may be submitted to the Adaptation Committee for publication. Adaptation
actions submitted for publication should be consistent with national policies, plans and
programmes.

(b)

The Adaptation Committee shall provide guidance and expertise to developing country
Parties in the identification and prioritisation of adaptation actions for urgent and immediate
implementation.

(c)

The Adaptation Committee shall assist with matching these prioritised adaptation actions to
financial and technological support provided by developed countries. The Adaptation
Committee will facilitate the review of new and additional developed country commitments
under the Convention.

(d)

Developing countries may seek financial and technological support for adaptation actions
through other means.]

Alternative 2

[Support for adaptation shall be adaptation actions should be supported through the provision of

new, adequate, predictable and sustainable financial resources.]

28.1

Establishment of a “Convention Adaptation Fund”, based on assessed contributions from Annex I

countries and other possible sources of financial. “Adaptation Fund” must ensure sufficient financial
resources for all developing countries to:

(a)

Enhance capacity-building, including data collection, climate scenarios, assessment on

vulnerability and adaptation, including assessment of adaptation cost; Promote education, training and
public awareness related to climate change;

(b)

Cover full cost for preparation of national adaptation plans, identify priority

activities/projects intended to address urgent and immediate adaptation needs, and incorporation
adaptation considerations into sectoral and national development planning;

(c)

Implement adaptation actions, projects and programmes, in particular those urgent ones;

(d)

Implement risk management and risk reduction strategies, including establishment of the

early warning system;

(e)

Build climate resilience through economic diversification;

(f)

Enhance institutional capacity, for preventive measures, planning, preparedness of disasters

relating to climate change;

(g)

Access to adaptation technologies, promote research, development and diffusion of

adaptation technologies, taking into account sector specific adaptation technologies; develop and enhance
endogenous capacities for technologies; have adequacy of funds for accessing transferred technology.

28.2

Adaptation financing must be substantially scaled up and must be sufficient to:

(a)

Meet the financial requirements for adaptation programmes at national, sub-regional,

regional, and international levels;

(b)

Meet the required financial resources, technologies and capacity-building for the

implementation of action on adaptation in accordance with the commitment of the developed country
Parties;

(c)

Provide adequate, predictable, stable and timely financing at full-cost and grant based with

direct, simplified and expeditious access;

(d)

Cover different stages of adaptation from identification of actions to implementation;

(e)

Provide new and additional resources, that is, additional to ODA financing; and

(f)

No requirement of co-financing in terms of additionality;

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Financial resources should be provided through the enhanced financial architecture, and under the

authority, guidance, and fully accountable to the COP.

Mandatory contributions from developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in

Annex II should form the core revenue stream for meeting the cost of adaptation in conjunction with
additional sources including share of proceeds from flexible mechanisms.

Coherence should be maintained in funding adaptation through the Convention, and outside the

financial mechanism of the Convention, in accordance with the guidance provided by the COP.

Development of an adaptation strategy and programme should be enabled if its not available at

country level.

Means should be provided, on a continuous basis, to enable, support and enhance national

capacity to incorporate adaptation in planning and designing adaptation activities.

Funding should go beyond integration of adaptation to sustainable development plans, and to

include stand-alone adaptation.

29.

[The adverse effects of climate change and response measures constitute an additional burden on

developing country Parties in reducing poverty and attaining sustainable development and the United
Nations Millennium Development Goals. Developed countries shall provide Financial support
[shall][should] be provided on a grant basis [and as concessional loans] to meet the {agreed full
{incremental}} cost of adaptation action in developing countries.]

Alternatives to paragraph 29:

Alternative 1

[The adverse effects of climate change constitute an additional burden on developing country Parties

in reducing poverty and attaining sustainable development and the United Nations Millennium
Development Goals. Financial support {shall}{should} be provided on a grant basis to meet the agreed
full and full incremental cost of adaptation action in developing countries and must provide finance for
standalone adaptation programmes.]

Alternative 2

[The adverse effects of climate change constitute an additional burden on all developing country

Parties particularly low-lying and other small island countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid and
semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and developing countries with fragile
mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, in reducing
poverty and attaining sustainable development and the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.
Financial support shall be provided on a grant basis to meet the {agreed full {incremental}} cost of
adaptation action in developing countries.]

Alternative 3

[Financial support shall be provided on a grant basis to meet agreed full cost and agreed full

incremental cost of adaptation action in developing countries with special consideration to LDCs and
SIDS.]

Alternative 4

[Financial support should be provided both on a grant basis and as concessional loans to assist in

meeting the agreed full incremental costs of adaptation in developing countries. Provision of financial
support shall be country driven and follow a programmatic approach where possible, but also allow for
using a project approach when appropriate.]

Alternative 5

[The adverse effects of climate change constitute an additional burden on developing country Parties

in reducing poverty and attaining sustainable development and the United Nations Millennium
Development Goals. Financial support shall be provided on a grant basis to meet the agreed full costs of
adaptation action in developing countries.]

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1
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Alternative 6

[Support for adaptation shall seek to strengthen the countries in their adaptation efforts by support to

country-driven adaptation planning processes and implementation, emphasizing programmatic
approaches, while also recognizing a place for adaptation projects under certain circumstances.]

Alternative 7

[The adverse effects of climate change, due to historical cumulative GHG emission of developed

countries, constitute an additional burden on developing country Parties in reducing poverty and attaining
sustainable development and the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Their economical and
social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of the developing
countries as is stated in the Article 4.7 of the Convention. Therefore, the financial support additional to
ODA for the implementation to the adaptation actions should be covered in a full manner by developed
countries.]

Alternative 8

[The adverse effects of climate change and response measures constitute an additional burden on

developing country Parties in reducing poverty development strategies to address social vulnerabilities
and attaining sustainable development and the United Millennium Development Goals. Developed
countries shall provide financial support on a grant basis to&