NAPA - ISDR2 [Read-Only]

ISDR Presentation

NAPA – APIA Workshop

– 10

March 2003

“Disasters in the Pacific: Trends, Impacts,

Responses and Coping Strategies”

A.Kaloumaira

Community Risk Management Adviser -

SOPAC

Presentation Overview

1.Features in Common ISDR & SOPAC

-Mandates, Visions & Goals

2.Trends & Impact

- Disaster Events and Vulnerable Sectors

3.Coping Strategies

–Disaster Management

- Managing Risks

4.Management Programming Tool “CHARM”
5.Study Cases: Kiribati & Vanuatu

MANDATES

SOPAC - from FORUM
Council 1995:

- to consolidate on initiatives
of IDNDR and UNOCHA-
SPDRP

- SOPAC to coordinate all
hazards, disaster
reduction and risk
management programmes

ISDR from UN General

Assembly

– UN Secretary

General’s report on
successor
arrangements to
IDNDR (54/497)

– General Assembly

Resolution 54/219

VISION STATEMENTS

FORUM – Vulnerability to
the effects of natural hazards,
environmental damage and
other threats will be overcome

SOPAC -Improve the well
being of peoples of the Pacific
island member countries
through the application of
geosciences to the management
of sustainable development of
their non-living resources

ISDR -To enable all
societies to become
resilient to natural
hazards and related
technological and
environmental disasters
in order to reduce
environmental, human,
economic and social
losses

GOALS

ISDR

Enabling societies to become
resilient to natural hazards and
related technological and
environment disasters in order
to reduce environmental,
human, economic and social
losses

SOPAC - CRP

To improve hazard
assessment and risk
management practices
to build safer
communities

Objectives of ISDR

• Enabling societies to become resilient to the

effects of natural, technological hazards, reducing
the compound risks they pose to social and
economic vulnerabilities within modern societies

• Proceeding from protection against hazards to the

management of risk through integration of risk
prevention into sustainable development

2.DISATERS IN THE

PACIFIC

Trends and

Impacts

Pacific Island Countries Estimated Level Of Vulnerability To Specific

Natural Hazards

[“Final Report for International Decade For Natural Disaster Reduction” –

Dr.Jack Rynn) ]

Country

Population

Land Area

(km2)

Tropical

Cyclone

Storm

Surge

Coastal

Flood

River

Flood

Drought

Earthquake

Landslide

Tsunami

Volcanic

Eruption

Cook Islands

19,500

240

Federated States

of Micronesia

114,800

701

Fiji

752,700

18,272

Kiribati

76,000

725

Marshall Islands

50,000

181

Nauru

Niue

2,300

258

Palau

21,600

494

Papua New Guinea

4,056,000

462,243

Samoa

163,000

2,935

Solomon Islands

337,000

28,370

Tokelau

1,600

Tonga

97,400

720

Tuvalu

9,100

Vanuatu

156,500

12,200

RISK RANKING: L=Low; M=Medium; H =High

SOURCES: Carter et al (1991); SPREP/UNDHA-SPPO (1994); Chung (1996); UNDHA-SPPO/SPDRP (Hamnett, 1996); UNDHA-

SPPO/SPDRP (Vrolijks,1998); Burke (1999); Natural disasters experienced during the Decade 1990-2000 and potential for

future per NDMOs

Great Natural Catastrophe 1950 –

2000

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 9 5 0

1 9 5 5

1 9 6 0

1 9 6 5

1 9 7 0

1 9 7 5

1 9 8 0

1 9 8 5

1 9 9 0

1 9 9 5

2 0 0 0

No of Events

Others

Flood

W indstorm

Earthquake, volcano

Ref:ISDR “Living with Risk”

Summary of Natural Disaster 1990 – 2000

[“Final Report for International Decade For Natural Disaster

Reduction” -

Dr.Jack Rynn) ]

Tropical
Cyclone

Storm Surge

Flood

Drought

Earthquake

Landslide
(cyclone)

Landslide
(earthquake)

Tsunami

Volcanic
Eruption

Cook Is.

Fiji

FSM

Kiribati

Marshall Is.

Nauru

Niue

Palau

PNG

Solomon Is.

Samoa

Tokelau

Tuvalu

Tonga

Vanuatu

Note: Most severe:

Tropical Cyclone - Cook Is., Fiji, Marshall Is., Samoa, Solomon Is., Tokelau, Tonga, Vanuatu
Storm Surge – Tokelau, Solomon Is.
Flood - Fiji, PNG, Vanuatu
Drought - All
Earthquake - PNG
Landslide (cyclone) - Solomon Is.
Landslide (earthquake) - PNG
Tsunami - PNG
Volcanic Eruption - PNG

DAMAGE COSTS

US$ (million)

– TC Ofa, Samoa 1990 : $100

– TC Kina, Fiji 1993

: $124

– Rabaul Volcano, PNG 1995 : $238

– ENSO Fiji 1997/98 : $105

– TC Uto Palau 2001 : $4 million

Climate Variability –Associated Hazards and Potential Negative Consequences to Development

Drought

Bushfire

Higher Temperatures

? Water Supplies

? Agriculture

Gardens

? People

? Vegetation and Natural Fuel

Soil

? Fishing Industry Revenue

People

? Limited Supplies

? White Fly Pests

? Home Gardens reduced

Loss of top soil

Loss of fire wood

? Significant reduction in

licensing revenues

? Heath Stresses

Loss of food

Reduced Incomes

Diarrhoea

Nutritional
Deficiencies

Dengue Fever

Overcrowding

Anti Social
Behaviours

Social Diseases

Law and order

Loss of
development
opportunities

La Nina

Associated

Primary Hazards

Vulnerable Sector

Risk

Potential Consequences

ElNino

Strong Winds

Storm Surge

Heavy Rainfall

? Fisherman

? Development Projects

Environment

People

? Infrastructure

? Health

? Drowning of fisherman

? Loss of fish ponds

Pollution of water tables

? Coastal Erosion

? Loss of homes and

livelihood

? Surface Pondage

? Flash Flooding

? Erosion

Hazard

YR 2000 CHARM WSP in Kiribati

3. DISASTERS in the

PACIFIC:Response and Coping

Strategies

1950 – 1980’s : Strengthen Relief and

Disaster Response Coordination.

1980’s – 2000 : Strengthen DM Capacities

in all four phases

Late 1990’s – onwards : Develop Risk

Management Practices, Standards and

Guidelines

Early 80,s

FORUM

USA

1982–86 Disaster Preparedness Project:
Pacific Island Development Programme,
Honolulu

1988-90 Disaster Preparedness Project: US
Agency for International Development,
SUVA

Mid 80’s

FORUM

1985 Disaster Coordination Unit,
Forum Secretariat, Suva

Late 80’s

AUSTRALIA

Pacific Disaster Preparedness Project:
Emergency Management Australia

Early 90’s

1990-99 UN International Decade for Natural
Disaster Reduction

1994-2000 South Pacific Disaster Reduction
Project

Late 90’s

FORUM

AUSTRALIA

1995 SOPAC to coordinatee all disaster and
risk management functions

1998 AusAID Review

Early Millennium

SOPAC & PICs

2000 ISDR
July 2000 DMU Established
2001 CHARM launched

1990’s REGIONAL STRATEGY

? Establishment of National Disaster

Management Offices and focal points

? Development of National Disaster

Management Plans

? Development of Support plans

? Development of Education and Awareness

Programmes

? Development of a number of manuals and

guidelines

? Training programme
? Pilot mitigation projects

1990’s National Strategies

Based on introducing disaster planning and
mitigation measures into social and economic
activities to reduce vulnerability and losses.

DISASTER PLANNING <=> REDUCE IMPACT

What did we learn ?

1 Disasters have become societal problems

2 Cost of disasters is becoming unbearable in

human, environmental and material terms

3 We can manage risk from natural hazards

4 Concrete risk reduction measures and long-

term policies are needed

RISK

Likelihood of harmful consequences arising
from the interaction of Hazards, Vulnerable
Elements and Environment

EMERGING CONCEPTS

RISK MANAGEMENT

SAFER COMMUNITIES

•INCREASE RESILIENCE –

reducing vulnerability

•COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILITY

–

wise

management in utilisation of resources

RE-FOCUS:

• Manage broader range of Sources of Risk

•Effective Management of Disaster Situation

NDMO CORE FUNCTIONS

1990’s

planning, equipping, training and exercising

Major focus

P R

coordination

FOCUS on

MANAGEMENT IMPACT TYPE EVENTS

4. C

omprehensive

azard

isk

anagement

CHARM

?for Sustainable NATIONAL

DEVEOPMENT

The All Hazards, Whole of Country

Comprehensive Approach to

Hazard and Risk Management

requires that programmes and processes:
?

Address all hazards including natural,

human-induced, technological, biological and
environmental

Adopt all appropriate risk treatments,

including prevention / mitigation,
preparedness, response and recovery

cont’d

Integrate the efforts of all relevant regional and

national organisations and agencies, public
sector, NGOs, and community organisations

Link to national development planning and

decision-making processes / systems

Seek to develop prepared communities with

reduced vulnerability to risk and with increased
resilience to the impact of hazards and

Seek to strengthen multi-sectoral

collaboration and partnerships

CHARM

A Comprehensive Hazard and Risk Management tool
and/or process within the context of an integrated
national development planning process

Paradigm Shift

Disaster Management:

Manage Impact-type
Events

Risk Management:

Manage the Total
Situation

•Island land-ocean systems and resources are very fragile

•Development has outpaced traditional conservation and coping
practices and total resources are limited

•Government, donor and community “net-work” together

KEY TENETS OF
CHARM
PHILOSOPHY

ESTABLISH THE CONTEXT

IDENTIFY RISK

ANALYSE RISK

EVALUATE RISK

TREAT RISK

C
O

M
M

U
N

A
T
E

N
D

C
O
N

L
T

Yes

Accept

Risk

Yes

Risk Management Process

CHARM

Inputs

Process Outputs

Outcomes

EXISTING

DOCUMENTS

•Legislation

•Policies

•Plans

•Supporting
Legislation

IDENTIFYING

THE GAPS

•Establish the
context

•Identify the
Risks

•Analyse the
Risks

ACCEPT THE

RISKS?

(Y/N)

•Treat the
Risks

NATIONAL RISK

REDUCTION

STRATEGIES

Recommendations
prepared for:

•Government

•Donors

Sustainable

Development

and

Resilient

Communities

WATER SUPPLY HAZARD RISK IDENTIFICATION

HAZARDS

VULNERABILITY

PRIMARY

SECONDARY

ELEMENT

LOCATION

LIKELIHOOD

CONSEQUENCE

SECTOR

RISK STATEMENT

Water
Supply

Interrupted
Supply

Community
Industry
Tourists
Economy

Urban & Peri-
urban

Very High

Production
Loss, irritant

PWD
Utilities
Economy

There is a high
degree of risk that
interrupted water
supply would lead
to low production
in all sectors of the
economy

Contamination Community

Above plus rural H

Diseases / Loss
of lives

–

infants

Health

There is s risk that
contaminated
water supply could
pose a serious
health problem
particularly for
infants

Lack of supply Community

All

M--> H

Loss

development
opportunities

Economy
Health

There is a high
risk that the lack of
water supply
would result in
cancellation of
major hotel
investment
projects

RISK STATEMENT

RATING

EXISTING

RISKS

POTENTIA

RISKS

NATIONA

PRIORITY

RISK

REDUCTI

MEASURE

CONSEQUENTI

AL RISKS

EVALUATIO

There is high degree of
risk that interruptions to
water supply would lead
to reduction in all sectors
of the economy

(3)

Common
in urban
areas
Lautoka –
Nadi and
corridor
Lami –
Suva –
Nausori

That it
could
become
even more
frequent
and serious

Develop

ment of
Masterpla
ns to
upgrade
supplies

Improve

infrastruct
ures

Conserv

ation &
Education

Borehole

Need human
and capital
resources.
Availability of
large amount
of capital
funding that
could impact
other areas.

(3) – maybe

cannot
eliminate all
interruptions
but aim for
50%
reduction in
2-3 years

There is a risk that
continued water supply
interruptions could pose
a serious health problem
particularly to infants

(1)

Exists but
exacerbat
ed during
intermitte
nt / no
supply
and floods

Can be life
threatening

E
(extreme)

Awarene

ss and
education

Improvi

ng supply

Treatme

Benefits only

(1)

There is a high level of
risk that lack of water
supply would result in
cancellation of major
investment projects eg
Hotels

(2)

Particularl
y to do
with
tourism
and other
investmen
ts

Lots of
major
investment
opportuniti
es

H – M

National

developm
ent
strategy
for water
utility
developm
ent

Prioritisa

tion of

Mostly
benefits but
see above

(2)

WATER SUPPLY RISK TREATMENT

EXISTING RISKS at national level for Water Supply

RISK

TREAT

MENT

OPTION

IMPLEME

NTING

AGENCY

SUPPORTI

AGENCIE

FUNDI

SOUR

NATIONAL

DEVELOPMEN

T PROGRAM

SECTOR

DEVELOPM

ENT

PROGRAM

EXISTI

MEAS

URES

GAPS

PRIOR

ITY

Nationa
l Water
Strateg
y Plan

Ministry of
National
Planning

Works &
Energy
Regional
FAB,
Health,
MRD,
NLTB,
Lands,
Agriculture

Budget
&
Donor

National
development
program

Need to
develop
water
resource
sector,
multi
sectorally

none

Strategy
and
legislatio
n

(1)

Develo
pment
of
regional
and
local
maps
and
plans

Ministry of
Works

Finance,
Town
Planning,
Donors,
Reg Dev &
others

Same
as
suppor
ting
agenci
es

National
development
plan / strategy

utilities and
infrastructu
res

In
existe
nce

Prioritise
for
impleme
ntation

(2)

Infrastr
ucture
Upgradi
ng

Ministry of
Works

Finanace
Donors
Public
Planning

Same
as
Suppo
rting
Agenci
es

As above

In
existe
nce

Strength
en &
prioritise
funding
aid

(2)

Public
awaren

Works

Education
NDMO,
NGO,
Health

Donor
s
Educat
i

As above

Multi-
sectoral
approach

None
or
limited

(1)

Development Goals

Country Level

• Advocate to Senior Executives &

Politicians

• Involve senior key postholders

• Mainstream into national implementation

arrangements

High Level Advocacy (HLA) Team with the Prime Minister

of Fiji

CHARM DEFINITION

A comprehensive
hazard and risk
management tool to
mainstream risk
management practices
in the Pacific.

High Level Advocacy Team in Samoa with
Cabinet Ministers & Senior Govt. Officials

Development Requirement

Regional Level

• Advocate / Promote TO and Coordinate

with CROP agencies

• Enhance Region-wide approach and

uniform guideline / standard

• Advocate TO and Encourage Proactive

Donor support

Development Requirement at

National Level

NINE STEPS
APPROACH

1. Instil concepts
2. Sensitise government and NGOs
3. Develop action plans
4. Conduct agency workshop
5. Design draft support program
6. Design CHARM Policy document
7. Follow-up country meeting
8. Prepare annual task activity

statements

9.Establish monitoring, review and

reporting mechanisms

2002 Progress on CHARM

Development & Implementation

Issues Challenging

Mainstreaming of
CHARM

• Quantifying the Benefits of

CHARM

• Better hazard assessment

knowledge

• Good IT presentation
• NDMO resources slow to

match the new demands of
CHARM

•

Setting up of task team,

• preparation of policy paper
• Training & Country Specific

Manual

5. STUDY CASES

World Bank :

Kiribati Adaptation

Project

(

National Level)

• CHARM was piloted in the

Kiribati

• World Bank now funds a

project to mainstream
adaptation into economic
development planning

• Adopting CHARM as the risk

management mainstreaming
tool

• Project Preparation Planning

to span 2 years

• Team to include 2xCHARM

Trainers and a Risk
Management Specialist

DFID Funded Project: Vanuatu Community
Vulnerability & Risk Analysis

Mele Maximum Tsunami
Flooding depths

SOIFUA, NI SA MOCE & BON
VOYAGE !!

THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE